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The analysis results show that the sodium-based battery is superior to the lithium-based battery in terms of cost performance; in terms of performance alone, the new sodium-based battery is superior to 80% of lithium-based batteries on the market.
Lithium battery costs
Whether it is the introduction of the latest super batteries Toshiba, or Tesla has been the dominance of battery technology, they use batteries are based on lithium, which is commonly known as lithium batteries.
Lithium batteries are a type of batteries that use lithium metal or lithium alloy as a negative electrode material and use a non-aqueous electrolyte solution. Lithium metal batteries were first proposed and studied by Gilbert N. Lewis in 1912. In the 1970s, MS Whittingham proposed and began to study lithium-ion batteries.
Due to its very active chemistry, Lithium has a very high environmental requirement during the processing, storage, and use of lithium. Therefore, lithium batteries have not been used for a long time. However, with the development of science and technology, lithium batteries have gradually developed into current ones. Mainstream.
However, it is worth noting here that although lithium has excellent performance, the amount of lithium stored on the earth is very small, so the price of lithium is also very high.
Nowadays, as people's demand for environmental protection increases, coupled with the development of wind power and solar power supply technology, our demand for power storage capacity also increases. Therefore, the cost issue is even more severe.
Research original intention: Keep performance, reduce cost
On the issue of how to reduce costs, a research team at Stanford University developed a new type of sodium-based battery and published the latest paper. In the article, the researchers compared the sodium-based and lithium-based batteries in detail in terms of price and performance, demonstrating that the team's development of sodium-based batteries can store the same amount of power as the most advanced lithium-ion batteries at a lower cost.
For the excellent storage capacity of lithium batteries, the main author Bao Zhenan (transliteration) of the study expressed that it was recognized, he said: “Lithium has always dominated the field of batteries, its excellent storage capacity is indisputable, but the amount of lithium ore It is rare, so the cost of using lithium to make batteries will be very high, so we want to develop and use the abundant elements on earth to make batteries."
Studies have shown that the cost of battery materials accounts for about 1/4 of the total battery cost. The use of lithium ore is $15,000 per ton, while the use of sodium ore is only $150 per ton. Under the same conditions, the cost of sodium is only 1/10 of lithium, which is why the research team insists on the choice of sodium.
Subverting traditional battery construction: sodium-inositol
It is noteworthy that this research team was not the first team to study sodium-based batteries, but the project previously studied in this area did not make progress.
Unlike previous studies, Stanford University's research team used a compositional principle that is very similar to the salt we usually eat. In table salt, chloride and sodium ions combine to form the basic salt component: sodium chloride; In this sodium-based battery, researchers combine sodium ions with inositol.
The combination of inositol and sodium is not as common as sodium chloride, but inositol is a common organic compound in the industry. It originates from rice bran and is now found in infant formulas.
In the commonly used sodium-based batteries, sodium constitutes a cathode for storing electrons. During the charging process, phosphorus in the battery transfers sodium ions to the anode, and the discharge process is the opposite. In the current flow process, if the efficiency of the two processes of cathode transport of electrons and anode release of electrons is improved, the storage and discharge efficiency of the entire battery will be higher, so that the performance of the battery will be better.
Based on this understanding, Stanford University's postdoctoral scholar Min Ah Lee and team members improved the performance of electron transport between sodium and myo-inositol. The specific improvement method is unknown, but this method significantly improves the existing sodium-based batteries. The performance goes beyond all previous research and experimentation.
Research results: Lithium-based batteries with performance better than 80%
This major improvement brought the sodium-based battery closer to the “dominant†lithium-based battery, and the team began to compare and analyze the improved sodium-based battery with the existing lithium battery. The analysis results show that the sodium-based battery is superior to the lithium-based battery in terms of cost performance; in terms of performance alone, the new sodium-based battery is superior to 80% of lithium-based batteries on the market.
In order to further optimize the performance of the battery and promote the commercial application of battery technology, the research team also optimized the charge and discharge cycle of this battery.
For example, consider the necessity of this optimization, such as how the battery will effectively store this kind of electricity after the roof solar array converts light energy into electricity, and how to effectively supply the stored electricity to the lighting and other power equipment of the house.
According to the team, next they began to consider the energy density per cubic volume, that is, the sodium-ion battery needs to store the same energy as the lithium ion system, how big the battery would be, and how to improve the battery size.
It is understood that in order to better study the charge-discharge process of batteries, postdoctoral fellow Jihyun Hong and graduate student Kipil Lim collaborated with Chueh and Michael Toney, scientists of the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, who accurately studied how sodium ions attach to and separate from the cathode. This helps improve its overall battery design and performance.
For this research, material scientist Cui Yi said: “This is already a good design, but we are confident that we can further optimize the transfer of phosphorus.â€
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