Journal of Economics (Quarterly) book0 The heterogeneity of Chinese companies' export product quality: measurement and implementation of Bingxun 1 related stylized facts. Conclusions: As the quality of products continued to be upgraded by exporters, the overall level of quality rises; the effect of quality upgrades occurs mainly in the second year; the higher the product quality, the longer the export duration and the wider the breadth; due to the large number of companies that produce low-quality products The overall level of product quality of local companies has declined, and the gap with foreign-funded enterprises has widened; local companies’ product quality upgrade effects, export stability, duration, and breadth are all inferior to foreign-funded enterprises. Raising the quality of products should be a higher pursuit of the export of local companies.
I. The I.I. The end of the 1990s witnessed a number of empirical analysis of trade behaviors from the corporate level. We found a large number of differences between exporting companies and non-exporting and exporting companies. This is in line with the new ones created by Krugman (1979). The "homogeneous enterprise" hypothesis of trade theory is very different. Melitz (2003) introduced the difference in production efficiency to Krugman's (1979) framework and explained the difference in the company's trade behavior through the difference in the production efficiency of enterprises. This opened the era of new and new trade theories. There are at least two core assumptions: first, the heterogeneity of the company only shows the difference in production efficiency; second, the utility function is the classic CES form, which only considers the diversity preferences of consumers and ignores the vertical difference of products.
(2003) has the above shortcomings, which cannot explain the company's entire trade behavior, such as the issue of export prices of companies. Baldwin and Harrigan (2011) found that the prices of US companies’ export products increased with increasing geographical distance; but according to Melitz (2003), the geographical distance Far, the more difficult it is for companies to profit from exports, the only ones with high production efficiency and low product prices are exported, so the further the geographical distance, the lower the export price. For example, Hallakand Sivadasan (2009) and KuglerandVerhoogen (2012) found that Chile, Colombia, India, and the United States have higher export product prices than non-exporters. According to Meltz (2003), exporters’ productivity is higher than that of non-exporters. Lower.
How to solve the contradiction between firm export price facts and Melitz (2003) inference, a natural logic is to relax or change the Melitz (2003) hypothesis. One of the ideas is to introduce product quality heterogeneity. Recently, many scholars place the heterogeneity of product quality on the same level as the heterogeneity of the production efficiency of the company. Together, they form an important part of corporate heterogeneity, such as Bladwin and Harrigan (2009). From the perspective of the model structure, some models introduce quality as an exogenous variable into the utility function and do not delve into its origin, as Baldwin and Harrigan (2011). Most models endogenize the quality of enterprise products and believe that product quality is a balanced result of maximizing corporate profits. The higher the product quality, the higher the fixed and variable costs that companies invest, and the higher export prices; from the perspective of demand Consumers consider product prices and product quality at the same time. Despite the high price of high-quality products, the actual price of high-quality products may be lower after considering “cost-effectiveness,†so high-quality, high-priced products have more consumer acceptance and Profitability explains the differences in prices between exporting companies and non-exporting and exporting companies in different markets.
It can be seen that the heterogeneity of enterprise product quality is a frontier research field that accompanies the development of new and new trade theories. From a practical perspective, the author believes that the quality gap is the most important aspect of China’s export trade lagging behind that of developed countries. In other respects, China has achieved catch-up with developed countries. After several decades of rapid development, China’s export scale ranks first in the world; its export structure has been continuously optimized, and its export technology content has steadily increased. SRodrik (2006), Yang Lan and Yao Yang (2008) have all demonstrated the fact that China’s export technology has been continuously improved; The breadth of trade 2 is also significant. At the level of HS six-digit products, China’s trade in 2010 has a breadth of 389346, ranking first in the world, with a US trade coverage of 341,518 and Germany’s trade breadth of 329,755. Qian Xuefeng et al. (2013) use customs microcosm The expansion of data discovery is an important source of China's trade growth. Chen Yongbing et al. (2011) studied the positive significance of the increase in import categories to the improvement of the national welfare level; the concentration of export areas is also low, and the top 10 trading partners accounted for China’s exports in 2010. 59.3%, the United States, Japan, Germany, this index was 61.6% and 59.2%, respectively; export product concentration is not too high, before 2010, the largest value-added products accounted for 52.8% of China's exports, the United States Japan, Germany, and this index were 49.9% and 44.6%, respectively; export stability was not bad, as in 2008-2009, the global trade volume dropped by 25.2%. State exports decreased by 16.1 percent, the United States, Japan, Germany, decreased by 21.7%, Chinese exports to external shocks show a strong stability. 3 However, when the focus was on product quality, we found that China’s foreign trade development still has a long way to go. Domestically, consumers are often sceptical about the quality of domestic products. An important performance is that as the level of income rises, domestic consumers are favored by top international brands. China has become a global luxury consumer, but domestic luxury goods. The brand has little interest and it is difficult to sell high prices.
From an international point of view, "Made in China" is often associated with low prices and low quality. Discounted promotions are often *MademChma, and international trade protectionism frequently uses product quality to set trade barriers. China's rapid development over the past few decades has rarely led to international brands with international reputation. It is difficult for consumers to positively recognize the quality of Chinese products and pay high prices. None of these facts indicate the low quality of Chinese companies' export products. From the perspective of academic research, China’s low export prices are an important indicator of the low quality of China’s exports. As Shi Bingzhan (2010) found, China’s export prices have not increased significantly with China’s export growth, indicating that quality improvement is limited; Rodnk (2006) also found that If we look at the fromin product perspective, the Chinese export structure has not optimized. Therefore, relative to China’s growing trade scale, constantly optimized trade structure, ever-increasing trade scope, continuously decreasing export concentration, and increasing trade stability, the quality of China's export products is still very large in developed countries. Disparities and improving quality should be new topics in the development of China’s foreign trade. Therefore, quality is undoubtedly the research angle to study the key to China's export trade.
Although the heterogeneity of enterprise product quality is an important frontier theoretical issue, it is also a research perspective that studies the key to China's export trade. However, due to the limitations of research data and methods, the empirical research on China's export product quality has been progressing slowly. Quality is the vertical difference between different products under the same product. This requires the trade data to be product-level. Therefore, the traditional SITC three-, four-, and five-digit data cannot meet the research requirements at all; Not only the value of trade is required, but also the quantity of trade, so that the product's unit value (umtvalue) can be estimated. This requires the data to have two dimensions of value and quantity; however, the large-scale research data satisfying the above two conditions has been until recently This was an important reason for the slow progress in quality empirical research. From the perspective of research methods, the first thorny issue is the quality measurement. Compared with the technical complexity, standardization of trade width measurement, and operability, quality measurement presents diversity and complexity, and so far it has not appeared like HausmaneiaZ. (2007) Measured technical complexity, Feen-stra (1994) measured breadth is widely accepted by the academic community, which is another important reason leading to slow research. The widely influential measure is Schott (2004), which uses the United States import tenth data to measure the unit value difference of the export products of the United States to the United States, and to replace the product quality. This method was followed by a wide range of simulations, such as Hummelsand Klenow (2005), Hummelsand Skiba (2004), Hallak (2006) and the like. Some domestic scholars have also attempted to use this method to analyze the quality changes of China's exports. Li Kunwang et al. (012) used this method to analyze the quality of Chinese exports from the three dimensions of development trends, product distribution, and cross-country comparison. It was found that most of China’s export products were low. The quality phase, and after entering the WTO, showed a deteriorating trend. However, the measurement of unit value is inaccurate. The unit value includes not only quality information but also cost information. China's low export prices may be attributed to low quality, and may also be due to low costs. Hallak and Schott (2011) and Ani (2011) broke the assumption that unit value quantity is equivalent to quality, and used post-inference reasoning to measure the product quality. Although the technical details of the two methods are quite different, the logic is basically the same, that is, the price is the same. Next, the better the market performance, the higher the product quality, so that we can use the market sales volume, market share, and price data to push back the product quality, but Hallakand Schott (2011) and Amk (2011) estimates are based on industry or product data. Strictly speaking, it does not belong to the category of corporate heterogeneity. Using similar logic, follow-up scholars began to push back the quality of export products based on relevant data, such as Gervais (2009), Joel (2011), and Mark Az (2012). 2ManovaandZhang (2012) used the customs data to analyze the differences among enterprises, companies, and companies-products in the export prices of Chinese companies, but the focus was on using quality to interpret the price behavior of Chinese enterprises' exports; Markka/. (2012) The match between China's textile industry customs data and industrial databases has studied the relative importance of quality and production efficiency on the company's trade behavior. However, the focus is not on the heterogeneity of product quality, but also on the difficulty of representing an industry.
In summary, the heterogeneity of enterprise product quality is the frontier field of the new and new trade theory research, and quality is the research perspective of China's export trade, and the current research on this issue is particularly lacking. This article will use the latest developments in the trade theory of product heterogeneity to use the Customs subdivision trade data for the period 2000-2006 to adopt a post-retrospective method to systematically study the quality of Chinese companies’ export products, mainly quality measurement and stylized facts. Problems, thus laying the groundwork for the research in this area and the facts.
The remainder of this paper is organized in such a way that the second part is the model and the data; the third part is the analysis of the quality measurement results; and finally the conclusions and further research directions.
Second, the model and data (2009) to build a theoretical model of quality endogenous decision, elaborated the impact of product quality heterogeneity on corporate trade behavior, and laid the theoretical foundation for empirical analysis. The basic logic of Hal-lakand Sivadasan (2009) is as follows: From the perspective of demand, after considering the vertical differences in products, the level of consumer utility depends on the number of products and the quality of products, and it is the ratio of product price to product quality that determines consumers' optimal choice. Popularity is cost-effective.
From the perspective of supply, enterprises have both production efficiency and quality heterogeneity; the higher the company's production efficiency, the lower the variable cost, and the lower the price; the higher the company's quality production capacity, the lower the fixed cost, and the quality of its products. The higher, the two capabilities together determine the market performance of the company. If the production efficiency of the enterprise is higher, the product price is lower; but if the quality production capacity is poor, the product quality of the enterprise is lower; therefore the lower price will be “diluted†by the lower quality, and its cost performance may not be high. On the contrary, if the company's quality production capacity is higher, the product quality is higher; but the enterprise's production efficiency is lower, and the product price of the enterprise is higher; the higher quality is also offset by the higher price, and its cost performance is not necessarily high. Therefore, only companies with high production efficiency and high quality production ability can have better market performance. For this article, due to the emphasis on enterprise product quality heterogeneity, assuming that production efficiency is exactly the same, that is, product prices are the same, then the stronger the company's quality production capacity, the higher the product quality, the higher the product's cost performance, and thus the better the market performance.
Therefore, the heterogeneity of product quality determined by the enterprise's quality production capacity is an important factor affecting the market performance of the company. Next, the above logic is modeled, first assuming that the utility function of the consumer is as follows: A, which respectively represents the quality and quantity of the product category, and ff>1 represents the replacement elasticity of the product category. The corresponding price index is shown in (2): The quantity of consumption corresponding to category j is shown in formula (3): E is the consumer expenditure. (3) shows that in the vertical differentiated product market, the consumption depends on the product quality and price, ie the price/performance ratio, which means that the company's product quality is high or the production efficiency is high, and it can obtain larger market sales. But extremely high product quality will be obliterated by extremely high prices, and the same extremely low prices will be obliterated by extremely low quality. Therefore, only the quality and price can meet certain conditions at the same time to obtain the best market performance. Further enterprise variable and fixed costs are shown in (4): Formula shows that variable cost MC depends on quality A and production efficiency. Fixed costs depend on quality A and quality production capacity indicators 6, 6 measure the quality of the company's production capacity The greater the heterogeneity, the higher the quality production capacity; a>0,>0 indicates that the higher the quality, the higher the company's variable and fixed costs.
Obviously, from the point of view of variable costs, the higher the company's production efficiency, the lower the variable cost of the same quality production; but if the company's quality production capacity 6 is extremely low, the fixed cost of the company's quality production is extremely high, even if the company's production efficiency is extremely high. Enterprises cannot produce high quality products either. Therefore, it was the introduction of 6 that made the enterprise heterogeneity change from one dimension to two dimensions. From the perspective of (4), 6 can directly affect corporate profits by affecting fixed costs, thus affecting corporate behavior. Through the process of maximizing profit, seeking optimal solutions such as r, and no units, they can be summed up at different levels so as to conduct various comparative analyses of cross-periods and cross-sections. The overall indicator is defined as (12): Using the micro-trade data of the customs, the export value and export quantity indicators are extracted and the price index is calculated. The regression is performed according to formula (9). The preliminary data compilation process is shown in Table 1: Economics (Quarterly Issue) Table 1 Data Processing Process Data Processing Steps Overall (%) Manufacturing (%) Excluding Information Loss Samples Excluding Trade Values ​​Less than $50, Quantity Less Than 1 Sample Retention Maximum Unit Quantity of the Same Product Sample Retention Manufacturing Samples Excluding Samples of Agricultural Products and Resources in Manufacturing Excluding Homogeneous Product Samples Excluding Samples Less than 100 Samples Excluding Trading Company Sample Source: Author.
In Table 1, the third column and the fourth column represent the proportion of the trade volume of the remaining samples after the consolidation of the data to the overall trade scale and the proportion of the manufacturing trade. In the first step, the sample of information loss is excluded, including data without company name, importing place name and product name. In the second step, the single trade transaction size is less than 50 US dollars, or the quantity unit is less than 1; the third step, Under the same product code, some products have multiple quantity count units. To ensure price comparability, only the sample quantity with the highest count unit under the same product code is retained.
Match the HS eight-digit code of the customs data with the international HS96 version six-digit code, and align it with the ISICRev. 2 three-digit code, SITCRev. 2 three-digit code and four-digit code on the basis of the HS six-digit code. The conversion criteria in between are from the ProductCodes file in the BACI database. On the basis of coding alignment, the fourth step is to retain only the manufacturing sample data, ie, the sample with the ISIC code between 300 and 400 and the SITC interquartile code between 5,000 and 9000; the fifth step, according to Lall (2000). ) Standards: The products are divided into agricultural products, resource products, low-tech products, medium-tech products and high-tech products on the basis of the SITC three-digit code. Since the quality of agricultural products and resource products is mainly derived from resource endowments, the quality connotation cannot be accurately reflected. Therefore, the sample of agricultural products and resource products was excluded. In the sixth step, according to Rauch (1999) analysis, the vertical differences in products are mainly reflected in differentiated products, and similar to agricultural products and resource products. The differences of homogenous products are more from resource endowments. Excluding homogenous products; Step 7, in order to ensure the credibility of the regression and data credibility, remove products with an overall sample size of less than 100; Finally, trade intermediaries may have price adjustments, export product price and quantity information can not be true Reflecting the product quality news of the production companies, the sample of trade brokers was removed.
606 companies exported data on 2,876 products to 212 countries and regions, with a total of 9 689,390 data units. These samples accounted for 48.6% of the total exports and accounted for 65.5% of the total exports of the manufacturing industry. They are highly representative. On the basis of data compilation, product regression according to (9), a total of 2876 regressions. The regression results are summarized below.
876 regression results were statistically analyzed, as shown in Table 2: Table 2 Statistical analysis of regression results Mean regression coefficients 0.1-1.1.10-141-9-1-1 Coefficient of determination Sample size 053, indicating most of the regression coefficients Negative; z value of 90% is less than a 1.638, indicating that most of the regression data is significant; the coefficient of determination is 90% greater than 0.21, indicating that the model has good explanatory power; the average sample is 3369, 90% of the sample size is 179 the above. Therefore, the regression coefficient, the reliability, and the model fitting degree are all good.
III. Calculation Results and Analysis Based on the above regression results, according to section (10) (ii), attention is paid to the export quality itself. Section (i) is the development trend of quality, and section (b) is the decomposition of the microstructure of the development of quality. . Sections (c) to (six) concern the relationship between the quality of export products of enterprises and the export performance of enterprises. For export of enterprises, they must first enter the international market to start exporting, and then continue to export in the international market, and expand the export. Extend as much as possible and ultimately achieve good export performance. In short, export performance is viewed from a dynamic perspective at least in terms of market entry, continuous export, and breadth of expansion. Correspondingly, Section (iii) focuses on the impact of product quality on the entry and exit of enterprises; Section (4) focuses on the impact of the quality of products on the export duration of enterprises; Section (5) is logically the fourth (IV) The anti-proposition is concerned with the role of the company's export duration in enhancing the quality of the company's products; section (6) focuses on the impact of the company's product quality on the breadth of the company's exports.
As shown in Table 3, first of all, the quality of Chinese enterprises’ export products is on the rise, with a growth rate of 0.88%. However, it is worth noting that the overall quality decline during 2001-2002 may be due to the reduction of trade costs after China's accession to the WTO. A large number of low-quality enterprises began to export, which lowered the overall quality level. This point we will analyze in detail later in the structural decomposition of quality changes.
2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2006, average annual growth rate, 2006, the overall local enterprises, foreign trade, general trade, processing trade. Note: The growth rate is calculated from the 2004-2006 average and the 2000-2002 average.
The decline in the quality of domestic enterprises’ export products may be due to the intensive margins of the quality of local companies that continue to export, or to the ex-tensive margins of a large number of low-quality companies. The former is a “pure†quality change. This is the structural change. In the decomposition analysis later, we will confirm that the structural change factors predominate. For foreign-funded enterprises, structural change factors are relatively secondary, and the quality of continuous export companies is in a dominant position, resulting in an increase in the overall product quality of foreign-funded enterprises. Another possible explanation is that Schott's (2004) study shows that the current international division of labor is mainly the vertical division of labor within the product (withirrproduct). Both developed and developing countries export the same coded product, but developed countries export high-quality products. The country exports low-quality products; in this way, developed countries increasingly specialize in high-end products in the same market, and developing countries increasingly specialize in low-end products, which results in a gradual gap between developed and developing countries. expand. The level of general trade quality is lower than that of processing trade. A feature of processing trade is the import of large quantities of high-quality intermediate products, and the high value of foreign added value of exported products leads to higher quality of processing trade products than general trade. 4 Further, Table 3 is always applied to all trading partners. However, if the trading weight of trading partners changes in different years, for example, the share of high-income countries’ trade increases, then the overall changes in quality expressed in Table 3 are more The structural adjustment of the export market is not a change in product quality. For this reason, we specifically analyze the quality of the US market. The results are shown in Table 4: Table 4 Changes in the Quality of Exported Products of Chinese Enterprises in the US Market (Unit: %) 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Average Annual Growth Rate Overall Local Firms 1 2 Foreign-funded Enterprises General Trade Processing Trade Table 4 shows that the overall quality of China's export products has shown an upward trend, local companies have declined, foreign-funded enterprises have risen, and general trade has been lower than processing trade, which is consistent with the conclusion in Table 3, indicating that the trend of quality change remains after adjustments have been made to the export market structure. steady. In accordance with similar logic, we also removed quality changes that may be caused by product structure adjustments. We analyzed the quality of computer accessories with the largest number of export trade relations in China, as shown in Table 5. The conclusions are consistent with Table 3 and will not be repeated.
Table 5 Computer Annex Export Product Quality Changes (Units: %) 2000 2001 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Annual Average Growth Rates Domestic Enterprises Foreign-funded Enterprises General Trade Processing Trade Note: The code is 84733090. The customs code is "Item 8473 is not listed in other machine accessories" By consulting the customs code found that 8473 is mostly a computer product, it is named as the calculation of zero attachments.
Taking into account the comparative advantages of Chinese domestic companies in products at different technological levels, and in order to further verify the robustness of the overall development trend, we analyzed the quality changes of different technology types of products. As shown in Table 6: Table 6 Product quality changes of different technology types (units: %) Technical type Mean growth rate High technology Overall medium technology Low-tech High-tech Local enterprises Technical low-tech High-tech foreign-funded enterprises Medium technology Low-tech Domestic companies Product quality has shown a downward trend; low-tech products are mainly exported by local companies, so the quality of low-tech products also shows a downward trend. It is worth noting that, regardless of the quality of local products of any type of product is lower than that of foreign-funded enterprises, the average ratio of the quality of exported products of high-tech, medium-technology, and low-tech products of foreign-funded enterprises and local companies is respectively 1.06, 1.07, and 1.03. The quality gap between domestic and foreign-funded enterprises in medium and high-tech products is more obvious, which is in line with China’s comparative advantage.
In general, the quality of Chinese enterprises’ export products is on the rise. The quality of local enterprises is declining. The quality of foreign-funded enterprises has risen. The quality gap between local companies and foreign-funded enterprises has widened; the quality of local companies is lower than that of foreign-funded enterprises; The greater the gap with foreign companies.
(B) The breadth and depth of changes in the export quality of Chinese companies. The above analysis ignores the micro-foundation of quality change. From the perspective of micro-enterprises, the macro changes in quality can be attributed to two aspects: First, the quality of incumbent companies is changing, that is, depth. The second is the new level of quality that enters or exits the enterprise. Using the method of decomposition of productivity by Grilichessand Regev (1995), a decomposition identity such as (13) is constructed: where z represents an enterprise and u represents time; C, EN, EX represent continuous exports, and a phase 1 export does not begin. Exports, u-1 exports of enterprises in the u-phase exit, referred to as continuous, enter and exit the enterprise collection; the upper horizontal line represents the average of the two periods. The first item is the product of the value of a company's export quality change and the share of the two phases of export. It measures the overall quality change caused by the quality change of the same company and is called the "withir-firm" effect. The second item represents the overall quality change caused by changes in the market share of continuously exporting companies, which is called the acrossfirm effect. The third item and the fourth item respectively measure the influence of entering and exiting enterprises on the overall quality change. It is worth noting that only the first item measures the "pure" mass change; all other items are due to changes in the quality of the structure. The decomposition results are shown in Table 7: Table 7 Decomposition increase in the overall export quality change of Chinese enterprises Intra-enterprise entry-withdrawal depth breadth of a company 0.10-0.10 Intra-company effect See incumbent product quality continues to increase , Continuous export companies may continue to improve product quality through the high school and competitive effects in the international market. The negative effect between enterprises means that the growth of the incumbent's trade tends to be lower in the early stage, which is not in contradiction with the improvement of the quality of the enterprise. Although there is a quality upgrade effect for individual companies, the initial product quality is low. The increase in the volume of corporate trade has been relatively rapid. The increase in the proportion of these companies has lowered the quality of export products. Entering the company will lower the overall quality, which means that the quality of entering the company is lower than that of the incumbent; exiting the company will improve the overall quality, indicating that the quality of the exiting company is lower than that of the incumbent. Overall, the effect of product upgrading within the company exceeds the effect of structural adjustments among firms, so the overall change in quality is generally positive; the effect of exiting firms is less than that of firms entering, and the breadth of quality growth is negative; the depth effect exceeds the breadth effect. The overall quality has increased. In order to verify the robustness of the conclusions, we further selected 2001-2002 samples for sub-sample analysis. The results are shown in Table 8.
Table 8 Structural Decomposition of Quality Changes of Different Enterprise Types and Product Types (2001-2002) Increased Depth of Intra-enterprise Inter-enterprise Depths Wideness Overall Local Enterprises Foreign-funded Enterprises High-tech Medium Technologies Low-tech US Skulls Germany China Taiwan Korea Philippines Indonesia Domestic Malaysian enterprises and foreign-funded enterprises in Thailand are generally negative, but local companies do not have the quality upgrade effect of incumbent companies. The quality of foreign-funded enterprises is upgraded. The possible reason is that a large number of low-quality enterprises have entered the market after entering the WTO, and domestic incumbents face fierce competition. Its competitive strategy is to reduce quality, lower prices, and rely on price competitiveness to promote exports; but foreign-funded enterprises rely mainly on quality competitiveness to maintain market share. This also reflects the differences in the export competition model between local and foreign companies.
From the standpoint of different technology products, the effect of quality upgrades in high-tech products companies is the most obvious, because foreign-funded enterprises dominate the export of high-tech products; the quality of enterprises with low-tech products declines because local companies dominate the export of low-tech products; Which type of product, the inter-enterprise effect, the entry effect is negative, the exit effect is positive, consistent with the overall conclusion. From the perspective of different markets, the entry effect of all markets is negative, and the quality upgrade effect within the company is not obvious. The effect of quality reduction is mainly the low quality of entering the company, which is consistent with the overall conclusion. In short, the decline in quality in 2001-2002 was mainly due to the entry of a large number of low-quality enterprises; the quality upgrade of incumbent companies, especially the escalation effect of local enterprises, is also an important reason. Table 8 mainly analyzes the decomposition results of the years of product quality degradation in 2001-2002, and Table 9 further presents the year of quality increase in 2005. Table 9 Structural decomposition of the quality changes of different types of enterprises and product types (2005-2006) Inter-enterprise entry and exit depth breadth Overall domestic companies Foreign-funded enterprises High-tech, medium-technology, and low-tech US transcripts Germany, China, Taiwan, South Korea, Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia Seen, the overall conclusions of Tables 9 and 7 are generally consistent. In a nutshell, the upgrading of incumbent companies and the withdrawal of low-quality enterprises are the positive forces for increasing quality. The adjustment of a large number of low-quality enterprises entering and in-place enterprise structure is a negative force for improving quality. Quality upgrading and low-quality enterprises for incumbents Entry is the most central factor in the change in the direction of the dominant quality.
Finally, it should be emphasized that the conclusion that the quality level of local companies is declining is unacceptable. However, after decomposing the analysis in this section, we found that incumbent local companies actually have quality escalation effects, even if the quality declines in 2001-2002. Extremely low. Therefore, the macro overall quality decline does not come from the decline of the quality of the enterprise itself, but more from the structural effects. In particular, the entry of a large number of low-quality local companies has lowered the overall quality level.
(III) Analysis of the quality of products of enterprises and the entry of enterprises into and out of export markets (section 2) shows that there are a large number of enterprises entering and exiting, and it is precisely because a large number of low-quality enterprises have lowered the overall product quality. This section focuses on quality. Relationship with entering and exiting markets. Taking the period of 2005-2006 as an example, the probability distribution map of product quality continued, entered, and exited from 2005 to 2006 was plotted: the quality distribution curve of the exiting enterprise in 2005 is left most and the quality level is the lowest. Obviously, the exit of such enterprises will increase. Overall quality level. The thin solid line on the left represents the enterprise's 2006 quality level, which is higher than that of the exit enterprise but lower than that of the continuous export enterprise. The large increase in entering the enterprise will also lower the average quality level.
The thick solid line on the right represents the quality level of the exporting companies in 2005. The thick dotted line on the right represents the quality level of the exporting enterprises in 2006. Obviously there is a clear quality upgrade effect for exporting companies, which will increase the overall export quality level. Table 10 analyzes the number of classified trade relationships, quality averages, and trade weights during 2005-2006: Table 10 Product quality of enterprises and enterprises entering and exiting the market (2005-2006) Continued exports (2005) Continuous exports (2006) Entering (2006) Withdrawal (2005) Number of trade relations Number of quality averages Trade (%) From the perspective of the average quality, the number of exiting companies is the lowest, the average value of entering enterprises is higher than that of exit companies but lower than that of continuous export enterprises; the quality of continuous export enterprises is improved. From the perspective of the number of trade relations, the number of new-entry trade relations is the largest, accounting for about two-thirds of that in 2006, indicating that there are a large number of enterprises entering and exiting; the number of trade relations that continue to be exported is relatively small. Then, how do the quality averages and structural characteristics of these companies affect overall quality changes? First of all, from the perspective of exit companies and entering companies, the average quality of these two types of enterprises is lower than that of continuously exporting enterprises. A large number of enterprises withdraw will increase their quality levels. Entering enterprises will reduce quality, and the number of exiting trade relations is far less than that of entering enterprises, and the proportion of entering enterprise's trade (33.52%) is higher than that of exiting companies (22.93%), so that the power of entering enterprises exceeds the strength of enterprises' exit, and thus the overall Pulling down the quality of export products. Secondly, from the perspective of continuous export enterprises, there is an upward trend in the quality of continuously exporting companies, which will increase the overall quality level. At the same time, the share of incumbent companies in the trade will decline, which will drag down the quality level, but the former exceeds the strength of the latter. This microscopically explains the changes in China's overall quality level from 2005 to 2006. In order to further analyze the differences between domestic companies and foreign companies, Table 11 lists the analysis results of the two types of companies: Table 11 Product quality of enterprises and enterprises entering and exiting the market: Local enterprises and foreign-funded enterprises continue to export (2005) Continuous export (2006) Entered (2006) Exited (2005) Number of trade relations The proportion of the average quality trade of local enterprises (%) The number of trade relations The average proportion of foreign investment in the quality of trade (%) In comparison, the dynamics of local companies are more dramatic : The number of domestic companies entering and continuing export trade relations is 2.66, while that of foreign-funded enterprises is only 1.49; the number of trade relations between local enterprises withdrawn and continued exports is 2.04, while that of foreign-funded enterprises is only 1.07; local enterprises enter and exit from trade relations. The proportion of scale is higher than that of foreign-funded enterprises. In addition, from the quality level, regardless of the type of situation, the export quality of local enterprises is lower than that of foreign-funded enterprises. A more nuanced observation is that there are also differences in the quality upgrade effect of continuously exporting enterprises. The quality ratio before and after the local enterprises continue to export enterprises is about 1.004, and the foreign-funded enterprises are 1.013, which means that not only the quality of foreign-funded enterprises is higher than that of local companies, but also The quality of foreign-funded enterprises is growing faster than that of local companies, and the quality gap between natural local companies and foreign-funded enterprises will expand.
(IV) The analysis of the third quarter of the product quality of the enterprise and the duration of export of the company found that the continuous export enterprises have a higher level of quality than entering or exiting enterprises. We speculate that the quality level of the export products of enterprises may be positively related to the export duration. First of all, we analyze the impact of the quality of the company's products on the duration of the company’s exports. Table 12 lists the quality levels of different companies in 2002. None of these enterprises exported products that began exporting in 2002 in 2000 and 2001. *1 years “refers to enterprises that began exporting in 2002 and then withdrew in 2003, *5 years. "The enterprises that started exporting in 2002 and continued until 2006. We compare the average quality of these enterprises in the export year 2002, and analyze the impact of initial quality levels on the duration of subsequent exports.
Table 12 Effect of product quality on export duration Duration 1 year 2 years 3 years 4 years 5 years Number of trade relations as a percentage (%) Mass mean Table 12 It can be seen that the higher the company's quality level entered in 2002, the longer the duration is. ，ä¼ä¸šè´¨é‡æ°´å¹³å’Œå‡ºå£æŒç»æ—¶é—´å‘ˆçŽ°ä¸€è‡´æ£ç›¸å…³å…³ç³»ï¼›å€¼å¾—注æ„的是，æŒç»æ—¶é—´1å¹´å’Œ2å¹´çš„è´¨é‡æ°´å¹³ç›¸å·®è¾ƒå¤§ï¼ŒæŒç»2年以上的ä¼ä¸šä¹‹é—´å·®è·è¾ƒå°ã€‚当然也å¯ä»¥çœ‹å‡ºï¼Œ2002年进入市场的ä¼ä¸šæœ‰56. 9%ç¬¬äºŒå¹´é€€å‡ºå¸‚åœºï¼Œè¿™ä¸ŽçŽ°æœ‰ç ”ç©¶çš„å¤§éƒ¨åˆ†ç»“è®ºä¸€è‡´ã€‚
表13呈现了本土ä¼ä¸šä¸Žå¤–资ä¼ä¸šäº§å“è´¨é‡å¯¹å‡ºå£æŒç»æ—¶é—´çš„å½±å“差异性，å¯ä»¥çœ‹å‡ºâ€œè´¨é‡è¶Šé«˜å‡ºå£æŒç»æ—¶é—´è¶Šé•¿â€è¿™ä¸€ç»“论对于两类ä¼ä¸šéƒ½æ˜¯æˆç«‹çš„。但外资ä¼ä¸šæŒç»æ—¶é—´åœ¨2年以上的比例è¦é«˜äºŽæœ¬åœŸä¼ä¸šï¼Œè¯´æ˜Žæœ¬åœŸä¼ä¸šå‡ºå£æ›´å…·æœ‰åŠ¨æ€æ€§å’Œä¸ç¨³å®šæ€§ã€‚
表13产å“è´¨é‡å¯¹å‡ºå£æŒç»æ—¶é—´çš„å½±å“：本土ä¼ä¸šä¸Žå¤–资ä¼ä¸šæŒç»æ—¶é—´1å¹´2å¹´3å¹´4å¹´5年贸易关系数目本土ä¼ä¸šå 比（％）质é‡å‡å€¼è´¸æ˜“关系数目外资ä¼ä¸šå 比（％）质é‡å‡å€¼è¿›ä¸€æ¥ï¼Œå‡ºå£æŒç»æ—¶é—´å过æ¥ä¹Ÿå¯èƒ½å½±å“ä¼ä¸šäº§å“è´¨é‡ã€‚表14列出了2006å¹´ä¸åŒä¼ä¸šçš„è´¨é‡æ°´å¹³ï¼Œå…¶ä¸*1年“指2006年开始出å£çš„ä¼ä¸šï¼Œ*2å¹´â€æŒ‡2005年开始出å£å¹¶å»¶ç»åˆ°2006å¹´çš„ä¼ä¸šï¼Œ*7年“指2000年开始出å£å¹¶ä¸€ç›´å»¶ç»åˆ°2006å¹´çš„ä¼ä¸šã€‚å¯ä»¥çœ‹å‡ºï¼Œå‡ºå£å»¶ç»æ—¶é—´è¶…过2å¹´çš„ä¼ä¸šè¾ƒå°‘。å¦å¤–出å£æŒç»æ—¶é—´è¶Šé•¿çš„ä¼ä¸šï¼Œåˆ°2006年其质é‡å‡å€¼è¶Šé«˜ï¼Œè¯´æ˜Žå‡ºå£æŒç»æ—¶é—´å¯¹è´¨é‡æ°´å¹³æœ‰æ£å‘å½±å“。表15列出了本土ä¼ä¸šä¸Žå¤–资ä¼ä¸šå‡ºå£æŒç»æ—¶é—´å¯¹å‡ºå£è´¨é‡çš„å½±å“，与表14的结论一致，ä¸å†èµ˜è¿°ã€‚
表14出å£æŒç»æ—¶é—´å¯¹äº§å“è´¨é‡çš„å½±å“æŒç»æ—¶é—´1å¹´2å¹´3å¹´4å¹´5å¹´6å¹´7年贸易关系å 比（％）质é‡å‡å€¼è¡¨15出å£æŒç»æ—¶é—´å¯¹äº§å“è´¨é‡çš„å½±å“：本土ä¼ä¸šä¸Žå¤–资ä¼ä¸š1å¹´2å¹´3å¹´4å¹´5å¹´6å¹´7年贸易关系数目本土ä¼ä¸šå 比（％）质é‡å‡å€¼è´¸æ˜“关系数目外资ä¼ä¸šå 比（％）质é‡å‡å€¼ç¬¬ï¼ˆå››ï¼‰èŠ‚的分æžè¡¨æ˜Žå‡ºå£æŒç»æ—¶é—´ä¸Žäº§å“è´¨é‡çš„æ£ç›¸å…³å…³ç³»ï¼Œè¿™ç§å…³ç³»æ˜¯åŸºäºŽè·¨ä¼ä¸šï¼ˆacrossfirm）比较的。如果把目光集ä¸åœ¨ä¼ä¸šå†…部，那么出å£æŒç»æ—¶é—´é•¿çŸä¸Žäº§å“è´¨é‡çš„关系就类似于干ä¸å¦æ•ˆåº”，å³éšç€å‡ºå£æ—¶é—´å¢žåŠ ，ä¼ä¸šä¼šé€šè¿‡å¹²ä¸å¦æ•ˆåº”æå‡äº§å“è´¨é‡ã€‚表16列出了2002年开始出å£å¹¶ä¸€ç›´æŒç»åˆ°2006年出å£çš„ä¼ä¸šåœ¨ä¸åŒå¹´ä»½çš„出å£è´¨é‡å‡å€¼ï¼Œæ˜¾ç„¶éšç€å‡ºå£æ—¶é—´å¢žåŠ ，产å“è´¨é‡é€å¹´æå‡ï¼Œæ— 论是外资ä¼ä¸šè¿˜æ˜¯æœ¬åœŸä¼ä¸šå‡ç¨³å¥ã€‚进一æ¥è§‚察å‘现，质é‡å¢žåŠ 主è¦å‘生在第二年，å³ä¸€æ—¦ä¼ä¸šåœ¨å‡ºå£å¸‚场å˜æ´»ä¸‹æ¥ï¼Œä¼ä¸šäº§å“è´¨é‡ä¼šæœ‰ä¸€ä¸ªè¿…é€Ÿå¢žåŠ å¹¶è¶‹äºŽç¨³å®šçš„è¿‡ç¨‹ã€‚
表16出å£è´¨é‡çš„å¹²ä¸å¦æ•ˆåº”进一æ¥ä»Žå¤–资ä¼ä¸šå’Œæœ¬åœŸä¼ä¸šçš„对比看，å‘现外资ä¼ä¸šçš„å¹²ä¸å¦æ•ˆåº”è¦å¼ºäºŽæœ¬åœŸä¼ä¸šï¼Œæœ¬åœŸä¼ä¸šä»Ž2002å¹´çš„0.563å¢žåŠ åˆ°2006å¹´çš„0.611，比值为1.085，而外资ä¼ä¸šè¿™ä¸€æ¯”值为1.138，这æ„味ç€å¤–资ä¼ä¸šçš„è´¨é‡æå‡é€Ÿåº¦å¿«äºŽæœ¬åœŸä¼ä¸šã€‚为了形象地展示本土ä¼ä¸šä¸Žå¤–资ä¼ä¸šå¹²ä¸å¦æ•ˆåº”的差异性，绘制了外资ä¼ä¸šä¸Žæœ¬åœŸä¼ä¸šè´¨é‡ä¸Šå‡çš„å·®å¼‚å›¾ï¼ŒæŒ‡æ ‡ä¸ºï¼šç”±å¯è§ï¼Œè¿™ä¸€æŒ‡æ ‡å¤§éƒ½å¤§äºŽ0，说明å˜åœ¨è´¨é‡å‡çº§æ•ˆåº”；外资ä¼ä¸šçš„æŒ‡æ ‡åˆ†å¸ƒæ›´é å³ä¾§ï¼Œè¯´æ˜Žå¤–资ä¼ä¸šçš„å¹²ä¸å¦æ•ˆåº”更明显。
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