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At present, natural gas and other fuels are the main factors that ensure the sustained growth of the global economy and are the main energy sources in the world. However, the latest research by the US professor shows that it is possible to use more economical methods to produce natural gas. The study is to incorporate underground shales. Found in the formation. The way of extracting natural gas from shale may provide energy supply to some extent.
Earlier this year, President Barack Obama directed Energy Minister Steven Chu to set up a research team to study the safety of shale gas production and possible environmental problems. Mark Zoback, a professor of geophysics at Stanford University, recently published a report that talked about using gas from shales as one of the sources of energy. And why shale gas is the main source of energy that the US Department of Energy looks at, fundamentally speaking, this is due to some technological breakthroughs. As early as a hundred years ago, we already knew that shale formations were rich in organic matter, and the extraction of natural gas from rocks clearly seemed impossible at the time.
However, within the past 5 to 10 years, studies have shown that through the precise control of high-quality drilling, shale hydraulic fracturing restrictions can be increased, thereby increasing the permeability of natural gas in shale. According to the Department of Energy’s intelligence, the reserves of natural gas are absolutely huge in the United States and the world. In addition, according to some scientists' estimates, there is still enough natural gas for a period of 100 years at the current energy consumption rate.
On the issue of global warming, we should burn natural gas better than burning coal or oil. The burning of coal currently provides about 50% of the U.S. electricity supply, and generates 40% of the nation's CO2 emissions, as well as other pollutants. If all use natural gas for electricity generation and electricity supply, then carbon emissions will be reduced by about half the level. In a new study, Prof. Mark Zubaker and Professor Steve Gorelick of geophysics at Stanford University believe that the amount of natural gas extracted from the U.S. shale can be sufficient The level can completely replace coal to generate electricity in the next 20-30 years.
Natural gas is also a very clean fuel compared to gasoline or diesel currently used in a large number of cars and trucks. It is estimated that if gas and diesel-powered cars in the world are all switched to natural gas, about 25% of carbon dioxide can be reduced. Emissions. Using natural gas as a major energy source can also greatly reduce the dependence on oil imports. Therefore, natural gas is also a very ideal reserve energy, such as solar energy and wind energy, which has advantages. Natural gas power plants can start production quickly and are cleaner than coal-fired power plants.
If shale gas is used as an energy supply, will it affect the construction of solar energy, wind energy, or hydropower? Of course not. The use of natural gas for energy supply is a way to get rid of the dependence of fossil fuels, and it is also a kind of transition fuel. The global energy supply system is very large. Even if we vigorously develop wind, water and solar energy, by the middle of this century we will also use fossil fuels as our main energy source because these energy sources cannot completely replace fossil fuels.
In particular, during the current period, the demand for energy will increase substantially, especially in China, India and some developing countries. During the same period, fossil fuels will be heavily used, and colleagues who are raising their economic and quality of life standards will be It is also producing large amounts of fossil fuel pollutants. While we must solve the energy problem, we must also see the existence of many problems between energy and the environment. We need to develop by means of energy conservation and improved energy efficiency, and make full use of renewable energy. For scientists at Stanford University, the natural gas resources of shale provide a very good opportunity to use it as a clean and abundant energy source in the coming decades, while at the same time satisfying the extreme energy development of existing economic development. rely. We can also further reduce the impact of shale gas on the environment during the production process.
However, some scholars believe that this is a potential damage to the environment and its impact on human health. However, how serious is this concern? What is ironic is that almost all the studies on shale gas extraction have attributed the problem to hydraulic fracturing. In fact, the opposite is true. It is extremely important that shale wells require extremely sound drilling and steel kits during the drilling process. Nevertheless, the scientists of the US Department of Energy's research group still hope to increase the safety of shale gas production to reduce the impact on the environment.
Some of these scientists worried that the problem was mainly focused on the safety of fracturing fluid chemicals used in hydraulic fracturing. If fracturing fluids come into contact with drinking water aquifers, the consequences are terrible. In addition, the shale wells After treatment in the fracturing fluid, contact with the shale formation is also maintained. In response to these problems, Stanford University scientists believe that: the main component of fracturing fluid chemicals is water, there is a small amount of thickener, the same thickener can be used for the formation of ice cream, there are also some sterilization machine that can kill The bacteria in the water, and a little bit of friction agent, slows down. Thus, from this point of view, some scientists have developed suspicions and paranoia about fracturing fluids. In our report, the content of fracturing fluids is also a key part of disclosure.
However, does hydraulic fracturing cause pollution of drinking water? Scientists at Stanford University feel that this fear is somewhat redundant. Although the injection depth of the fracturing fluid penetrates the water layer of drinking water, the working depth of the fracturing fluid is 6000-7000 feet. Our drinking water is from the shallow layer. The aquifer pumped water, but it was a 200-meter underground, and the depth of thousands of feet was completely two concepts.
Of course, some researchers believe that some of the natural gas found near the water layer of drinking water can be controlled by precise control drilling. If the steel sleeve is not completely fixed, it will leak gas and contaminate the shallow water layer outside the casing. These problems can also be traced back to our experience of 40 to 50 years of natural gas extraction. Some of the gas leaked from the drilling contaminated the aquifer surrounding the well casing. How to deal with the water after hydraulic fracturing may also be a serious problem. The water must be recycled so that it will not affect the aquifer and it will not affect human health. And these waters can be reused, such as selenium, arsenic and iron chemicals. Therefore, these waters should be properly handled and treated with a new set of standards to prevent leakage.
The U.S. Department of Energy’s research team also made several recommendations in its report. The most important is to increase the transparency of the work in the shale gas extraction project. The information needed for drilling and the use of chemicals and additives in the hydraulic fracturing process needs to be adequate. The disclosure also uses various methods to protect the air and water quality around the well. And more research experiments are conducted so that the problems that arise after the drilling project begins can be remedied and identified more quickly. At present, there have been many debates and misunderstandings about shale gas development. The Department of Energy’s Stanford University report in the research group emphasized that the first consideration in developing shale gas is public health, environmental, and safety issues.
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