In some superconductors, the nature of moving electrons is extremely strange. They seem to be 1,000 times heavier than free electrons in vacuum, but at the same time there is no resistance to electron motion. According to a recent report by the Physicist Organization Network, a new study by Princeton University in the United States shows that this phenomenon is caused by the process of “quantum entanglementâ€, which determines the quality of moving electrons in crystals. This finding helps people understand the causes of superconductivity and is expected to find applications in improving grid efficiency and speeding up calculations. Related papers were published in the recently published "Nature" magazine.
When the electrons are cooled to an ultra-low temperature to form a solid material, these very light particles will increase in quality, appearing to become heavy particles. When they are cooled to near absolute zero, this solid has superconductivity. Although the electrons are heavy, they can flow without resistance and will not waste any electrical energy.
The team also included scientists at the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) and the University of California, Irvine, who used a specially designed cryogenic scanning tunneling microscope (STM) to take pictures of the electron waves in the crystal. The crystals have been treated and the surface contains some atoms. They reduced the temperature to experimental needs and observed electronic ripples. These ripples spread around the eaves, like the stones that were thrown into the pond.
“This is the first time we have obtained an accurate picture of the formation of heavy electrons. When the temperature is lowered, we see that the moving electrons in the crystal have evolved into heavier particles,†said Ali Yazdani, professor of physics at Princeton University who led the study. . Not only did they see how the mass of electrons increased, but they also saw heavy electrons as a complex of two entangled electrons.
They also compared experimental observations with theoretical calculations to explain why electrons appear to be of this nature. Because of quantum entanglement, electrons combine two diametrically opposed behaviors. In crystals, heavy electrons arise from the entanglement of two oppositely-operating electrons, one of which is trapped around one atom and the other is free to jump between atoms.
The researchers explained that the principle of quantum mechanics controls the behavior of tiny particles and forms quantum entanglement. This process determines the quality of moving electrons in crystals. Slight adjustment of this entanglement can greatly change the nature of the material. The degree of entanglement is the key to determining the behavior of heavy electron formation and further cooling. By adjusting the composition or structure of the crystal, the degree of entanglement and the electronic weight can be adjusted. If the electrons are too heavy, they will be frozen into a magnetized state, stuck next to each atom, and spin in the same direction. However, if only a slight adjustment is made to allow the electrons to obtain the proper amount of entanglement, these heavy electrons will become superconductors when they cool down. "Our research has proved that superconductivity can be achieved only when the two are 'delayed' and 'rapid'. This is the most favorable condition for generating super electron superconductivity." Nepal said.
Many magnetic materials become superconductors after subtle changes in their composition or crystal structure. Harvard University theoretical physicist Sube Saatchi-Dow said that the experiment helps to uncover the secret of high-temperature superconductivity and understand the transition between magnetism and superconductivity, that is, the quantum critical point, which helps to explain Why the substance has superconductivity. (Chang Lijun)
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