In view of this increasingly complex and severe security situation, our country has also increased its investment in air defense security in recent years. From the perspective of airports, the CAAC has formulated more specific and detailed regulations on the security of the flight area in terms of policies, such as “Standards for the Construction of Airport Security and Protection Facilities for Civil Aviation Transport†and “Administrative Regulations for the Safe Operation of Civil Airportsâ€, etc. Regulations concerning the construction of civil airport security facilities such as enclosures, passages, monitoring and alarm systems in flight areas, and more capital investment in technical defense construction of airports have been implemented. At present, technical prevention measures have been deployed in airports in China. .
The air transport industry plays an important role in world economic activities and is also one of the fastest growing sectors in the world economy. According to data released by the International Air Transport Association (LATA) in March 2011, the air transportation industry achieved a profit of US$16 billion in 2010, and the total revenue of the global air transportation industry increased to US$552 billion. In 2010, the number of air passengers in the world reached 2.439 billion passengers and passenger traffic increased by 7.3%. According to this development trend, in the future, all countries in the world will have greater demand for airports and airport facilities. Facing the high security management requirements of the airport, how to use technical means to effectively ensure the safety of air transport has attracted the attention of all countries. This paper uses the United States as For example, from many aspects to understand how the United States to build the airport's security system, hoping to draw lessons from the domestic airport security construction.
Evolution of Global Aviation Safety Strategy
In 1997, ICAO launched the first version of the Global Aviation Safety Plan (GASP) by formalizing the series of conclusions and recommendations formed by an informal meeting between the Air Navigation Commission and the industry. The plan is used to guide the organization’s technical work programme. The plan is proposed to be updated periodically from 2005 to 2005 to ensure that it will keep pace with the times.
In May 2005, another meeting of the Air Navigation Commission and the industry determined the revision of the plan. The revised plan will allow a more proactive approach to aviation safety and will help coordinate and guide global security policies and initiatives to reduce the risk of accidents in commercial aviation. At that time the meeting decided that the aviation industry security strategy group, the industry group (members include: Airbus, Boeing, International Airport Council (ACI), Civil Air Navigation Service Organization (CANSO), International Air Transport Association (IATA), The International Federation of Airline Pilots Associations (IFALPA) and the Flight Safety Foundation (FSF) collaborate with ICAO to develop a common approach to aviation safety. It can be said that the industry group’s global aviation safety roadmap is a global aviation safety plan. Provides the basis.
In March 2006, ICAO held the Director General of Civil Aviation Conference (DGCA/06) of the Global Aviation Safety Strategy. The meeting endorsed the development of a global aviation safety roadmap and recommended that ICAO develop a global aviation safety roadmap based on a unified approach to safety initiatives to provide a global framework for coordination of safety policies and initiatives.
In July 2007, the ICAO Council accepted the new Global Aviation Safety Plan. This global safety plan has been used up to now and has not been significantly updated.
At the highest level, the Global Aviation Safety Plan provides the objective of implementing the ICAO's security strategy, namely the methods and core elements necessary to “strengthen civil aviation safety in the worldâ€, especially regarding measures to strengthen aviation safety. These security measures clarified the direction of efforts by all parties in ensuring safety, provided a framework for the formulation of regional and national activities, and ICAO’s activities through its unified strategic plan, technical assistance programs and other forms of activities.
The United States, as an important member of the world aviation industry, has actively strengthened and improved the airport's safety precautions in accordance with various safety index requirements put forward in the global aviation safety strategy in recent years with frequent occurrence of aviation terrorist incidents. It has achieved good results. effect.
Construction of Airport Security in the United States
After the “9.11†incident, the United States’s global defense strategy has undergone subtle changes. It has shifted from a strategic approach based on overseas defense to a new security concept centered on indigenous security. According to the severe security situation in the country at the time, the U.S. Congress and the Bush Administration formulated a number of aviation and airport security policies and promulgated a series of laws and regulations to provide airports and airlines with security and technical support from systems, manpower, material resources, and financial resources. .
1. Formulate and promulgate aviation and transportation safety regulations
Shortly after the "September 11" incident, the United States legislature and relevant departments formulated a series of laws and regulations, including the "Aviation and Transportation Security Law," in response to the unexpected events in the civil aviation of the United States. According to the "Aviation and Transportation Security Law," U.S. airports will deploy explosives detection systems (EDS) at the end of 2002 to ensure that there are enough explosives detectors at airports to detect checked baggage.
The "Safety Law" also requires the use of noise-stress analysis and biometrics, such as fingerprint readers and iris scanners, to check passengers to prevent dangerous elements from boarding. At the same time, the legislature requires the use of a Threat Image Projection (TIP) system to verify whether the operator of the ray device at the passenger checkpoint remains vigilant. At the same time, the United States also requires domestic and foreign airlines to send passengers and crew members’ electronic information files to the U.S. Customs Department before flying into the United States.
2. Increase airport security funding
In response to the severe counter-terrorism situation, the U.S. Congress has continuously increased related funding, and the allocation for strengthening the cockpit doors of civilian air transport vehicles in 2002 alone reached US$500 million. Between 2002 and 2003, the federal government allocated a further US$1.5 billion to allow airport operators and service providers to implement new security regulations and increase protection against airport security.
From 2002 to 2006, the US legislature approved an additional US$50 million per year for the research, development, testing, and evaluation of aviation safety advanced technologies. It also includes explosives detection systems and aircraft reinforcement materials for medium-sized airports. Technology development and research to reduce the possibility of aircraft being attacked by terrorists.
US airports such as Hesterfield, Atlanta, Miami, Orlando, and Charlotte Airport all received funds from the Commonwealth at different times. Only Atlanta Airport received approximately US$40 million in federal funds for installation explosions in 2003. Object detectors and other safety measures; at the same time, it also upgraded the facilities of two fire stations within the airport. Denver International Airport also received $71.25 million in funding from the U.S. Department of Transportation Security in 2003 to help pay for the airport's automated baggage screening system. Since then, the federal government of the United States has increased the allocation for airport security every year.
3. Reorganize the airport security team
There are many deep-rooted reasons for the occurrence of the "9.11" incident in the United States. However, one of the biggest reasons for the airport is due to the chaos of security inspection organizations and poor administrative management that lead to security loopholes. In response to this irrational situation, the U.S. federal government decided to abolish the previous contract with private security companies and the federal government recruited airport security personnel. Lockheed Martin was authorized to deploy federal security personnel. The company deployed 440,000 security personnel (mainly responsible for passenger security) at 429 airports in 2002, and later deployed 230,000 federal security personnel to conduct baggage screening. This is an extraordinary period. Emergency measures.
4. Strengthen Airport Security and Aircraft Protection
After 2001, most airports in the United States actively took action to install explosives detection systems at their respective airports to check their checked baggage. All checked baggage cannot be locked during security screening. In the United States, 63 large airports set up 267 police dog teams. By the end of 2003, a total of 82 airports used 325 police dog teams. The current police dog team is playing a role in many airports. In addition, Lockheed Martin repositioned passenger safety checkpoints at major airports in the United States and conducted site selection surveys at 429 commercial airport passenger security checkpoints. Nearly 150 squads participated in the survey to check the security process and passenger flow. Lockheed Martin has more than 20 airport pilot projects, including on-site inspection biometrics and other advanced security systems. For aircraft safety protection, airlines reinforce civil aircraft cockpit doors; isolate passengers who may carry pistols or dizziness guns from cockpits; install video monitors or other devices on aircraft to allow crew members in cockpits to Do not have to go out of the cockpit to know what is happening in the passenger compartment; formed an air force team that belongs to the United States federal government.
5. Deployment of airport security system engineering
(1) Visitors leaving fingerprints and photos
After the "9.11" terrorist attack, the United States requested that entry-exit passengers need to leave fingerprints and photos in order to prevent terrorists from infiltrating. From September 2004, the United States’ 13 major airports and two major seaports require foreign tourists to strictly implement this measure before entering or leaving the country.
(2) Regulations on the use of foreign visitor registration system (USVIS-IT)
The fingerprinting and photographing measures for foreign tourists entering the country have been piloted at the Atlanta International Airport since November 2003. In 2004, they began to use foreign visitor registration systems at 115 international airports and 14 ports. After fingerprints and photos are taken, the immigration officer can import the fingerprints and photos of visitors to the United States to enter the computer system. Foreign travelers holding U.S. visas will not be allowed to overstay their visas, and terrorists on the blacklist cannot escape.
(3) The introduction of pre-registration passenger projects
In the first half of 2004, the U.S. Department of Transportation Security implemented "pre-registration passenger projects" at five airports to allow air travelers to obtain biometric certificates. This is a unique identifier for passengers using fingerprint or film scanning so that passengers can pass through airport security faster without violating the safety standards set by the Transportation Security Administration.
(4) The second-generation computer-assisted passenger pre-screening system (CAPPSllN) enabled
In the United States, the concept of using computer systems to pre-screen passengers is not a new trick. As early as the mid-1990s, Northwest Airlines started to develop computer pre-ticketing systems used by airlines under the aegis of the Federal Aviation Administration. Computer-aided passenger pre-screening system, which is the most basic collection and investigation of passenger information, including the time, location and payment method of ticket purchase. However, in terms of job performance, some of these technical indicators are still low and the results are not ideal.
After the birth of the second generation of computer-aided passenger pre-screening system, the system was rebuilt on the basis of the first generation of computer-assisted pre-screening systems. Its main purpose was to collect all relevant passenger information; and to create a huge amount of information. The library uses these data to determine whether passengers need to conduct further security checks, or whether they are persons identified by the state on the no-fly list. The new system screens passengers for “danger†and identifies them in green, yellow and red colors. Green indicates that passengers are "highly reliable" and only routine inspections are required; yellow indicates that "high risk factors" require special inspection; red indicates "high risk factors" and passengers will be prohibited from air travel for life. Officials of the US Department of Transportation pointed out that the new pre-screening system is directly in the hands of the newly established Transportation Security Administration of the US Department of Transportation, and only government officials with background checks have the right to inspect and use the system database.
(5) Implementation of the Transport Worker Project (TWIC)
TWIC is the acronym for the transport worker ID card. The purpose of the US Transportation Security Administration’s launch of this project is to establish a uniform and complete identification standard across the United States, and to conduct a standardized background check and identification of those working in the safe closed area. At present, every airport in the United States issues its own different documents to airport employees, so the standard of the documents is not uniform. Since the machines for identifying documents are different, if you want to implement a uniform national standard of documents, you must abandon the old equipment and purchase new instruments. Therefore, the cost of implementing the project is not cheap.
The latest security measures at the airport
1. Safety regulations and security upgrades
After the “bomb parcels†sent to the United States were intercepted by the United Kingdom and the United Arab Emirates at the end of October 2010, the U.S. government tightened its nerves again, and the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) increased its large US airports in November 2010. Security level. In November 2010, the Secretary of State for National Security of the United States announced new regulations to strengthen the safety of American air transport as a safety precaution after the failed bomber mail bomb attack.
The safety regulations state that the U.S. Department of Homeland Security has instructed the U.S. air transportation industry to implement new security measures for international flights to the United States starting from November. These measures include: Continue to prohibit all cargo flights from Yemen from entering the United States, and put this ban on Expansion to all cargo flights from Somalia; no high-risk cargoes may be brought on board; passengers must not carry more than 16 ounces (about 450 grams) in carry-on or checked baggage on domestic flights to the United States and international flights to the United States. Printer cartridges and toner; all goods deemed to be of high risk are subject to further scan inspections.
In addition, according to the regulations, from November 1, 2010, the United States airport to implement strict search and security measures. If the X-ray body scan reveals that the passenger has an anomaly or the passenger refuses to accept the scan, the same-sex security officer will perform a strict tap search. A lot of passengers and some crew members who often need to be checked think that this measure is a fuss, and believe that whether it is a body scan or a body search is an infringement of the right to privacy of the people. Despite the constant opposition, Transport Security Administrator John Pistor said that as a security department, the TSA must find a balance between passenger safety and privacy. He said that before finding a better solution, the current security measures will continue to be implemented, but the relevant departments will consider how to make corresponding changes in technology and procedures to reduce incidents of infringement of passengers. At the same time, officials of the White House and the Department of Homeland Security also expressed their opinions in support of the TSA's decision, arguing that this measure can protect people's safety to the greatest extent, and President Obama also hopes that people can understand the necessity of upgrading security measures.
At the end of 2010, the number of whole-body X-ray scanners at airports across the United States has increased to 500 by the end of 2010, and by the end of 2011 it will increase to 1,000. This kind of scanning instrument, which costs more than 100,000 U.S. dollars, allows inspectors to see the nude images of the examinee from front to back and search for any banned prohibited items.
2. Seeking international cooperation
On April 22, 2010, the Secretary General of the U.S. National Security Agency issued a statement claiming that U.S. Department of Homeland Security has been actively seeking international power to protect the global aviation system against terrorists since the United States’s attempted terrorist attack on Christmas 2009. Attack.
According to the report, aviation system security needs to be completed through international joint efforts. Since the Christmas terrorist attacks, the United States has signed a statement on strengthening aviation safety jointly with the European Union and other Western Hemisphere countries, the Asia-Pacific region, and African countries. This statement is aimed at realizing information. Sharing, passenger review, technology development and aviation safety standards are improved. At present, the U.S. National Security Department has begun implementing a study of the set of safety layers to diagnose potential hazard sources. In addition, the United States stated that it will cooperate with the International Energy Laboratory to promote the development of the 21st century security level.
3. Develop and use new security products
According to the report of the US Defense magazine, No. 10, 2010, the National Security Division of the United States and Florida State University initiated a security software development project developed by Abeo Technology Solutions, a New Jersey company. At present, the United States has developed large-scale airport field security monitoring software, monitoring software named AWARE (automated warning and response engine an automatic alarm and reactor). In the past, the security monitoring method at the airport was equipped with two or three security monitoring personnel to monitor the images and information obtained by more than 500 cameras and sensors. Massive information and pictures are very stressful for the staff. The new software is just like this. Generated under the demand. Bob Alien, head of Abeo’s business development department, said: “The alertness of humans is not much elasticity, and we can now allow the monitoring staff to observe the camera’s image with electronic speedâ€.
AWARE software allows users to have the ability to view panoramic images from the screen. At the same time, it locates cameras in any place. When an irregular phenomenon occurs, the software immediately alerts the relevant personnel and takes action. AWARE can use a variety of different formats, including Google Maps or 3-D computer design images to track any image scene. When a potential danger is captured by the camera or sensor, the color of the icon in the screen changes.
In addition to monitoring software, new technology products are emerging in the field of airport security. For example, American Analgetic, which is dedicated to airport security and medical imaging, recently introduced the new eXaminerSX, a CT-based baggage explosives scanning system. Small but can handle 350 bags per hour. In addition, the company also introduced the eXaminerXLB, which has a processing speed of 1200 bags per hour.
Conclusion
"September 11" has been more than a decade. Perhaps more people will ask: Is the United States today more secure than it was more than a decade ago? Judging from the actual situation, the United States has taken various measures to enhance the safety of its staff, including the introduction of advanced security equipment at airports across the country. It can be said that civil aviation safety in the United States has indeed made great progress after the September 11 attacks. However, the world is constantly changing and the threats faced are constantly changing. Therefore, the United States has never relaxed its airport security measures, especially after the suicide terrorist bombing in Domodedovo Airport in Moscow, Russia, in early 2011. The airport has maintained a high degree of vigilance for its safety. US Transportation Security Administration spokesperson Nicolas Kimball said: “We are closely watching the tragic events at Moscow’s Domodedovo Airport. As always, we’re working with international partners to share information on the best security measures. The US airport may Take additional security measures, such as adding explosive detection devices, sniffing dogs, etc.†Bloom, a US researcher, said: “It is necessary to reassess, rethink, and possibly reconfigure aviation safety resources.â€
In view of this increasingly complex and severe security situation, our country has also increased its investment in air defense security in recent years. From the perspective of airports, the CAAC has formulated more specific and detailed regulations on the security of the flight area in terms of policies, such as “Standards for the Construction of Airport Security and Protection Facilities for Civil Aviation Transport†and “Administrative Regulations for the Safe Operation of Civil Airportsâ€, etc. Regulations concerning the construction of civil airport security facilities such as enclosures, passages, monitoring and alarm systems in flight areas, and more capital investment in technical defense construction of airports have been implemented. At present, technical prevention measures have been deployed in airports in China. , but more dense deployment, more advanced construction Perhaps we can learn from the United States, Israel and other countries some experience.
The air transport industry plays an important role in world economic activities and is also one of the fastest growing sectors in the world economy. According to data released by the International Air Transport Association (LATA) in March 2011, the air transportation industry achieved a profit of US$16 billion in 2010, and the total revenue of the global air transportation industry increased to US$552 billion. In 2010, the number of air passengers in the world reached 2.439 billion passengers and passenger traffic increased by 7.3%. According to this development trend, in the future, all countries in the world will have greater demand for airports and airport facilities. Facing the high security management requirements of the airport, how to use technical means to effectively ensure the safety of air transport has attracted the attention of all countries. This paper uses the United States as For example, from many aspects to understand how the United States to build the airport's security system, hoping to draw lessons from the domestic airport security construction.
Evolution of Global Aviation Safety Strategy
In 1997, ICAO launched the first version of the Global Aviation Safety Plan (GASP) by formalizing the series of conclusions and recommendations formed by an informal meeting between the Air Navigation Commission and the industry. The plan is used to guide the organization’s technical work programme. The plan is proposed to be updated periodically from 2005 to 2005 to ensure that it will keep pace with the times.
In May 2005, another meeting of the Air Navigation Commission and the industry determined the revision of the plan. The revised plan will allow a more proactive approach to aviation safety and will help coordinate and guide global security policies and initiatives to reduce the risk of accidents in commercial aviation. At that time the meeting decided that the aviation industry security strategy group, the industry group (members include: Airbus, Boeing, International Airport Council (ACI), Civil Air Navigation Service Organization (CANSO), International Air Transport Association (IATA), The International Federation of Airline Pilots Associations (IFALPA) and the Flight Safety Foundation (FSF) collaborate with ICAO to develop a common approach to aviation safety. It can be said that the industry group’s global aviation safety roadmap is a global aviation safety plan. Provides the basis.
In March 2006, ICAO held the Director General of Civil Aviation Conference (DGCA/06) of the Global Aviation Safety Strategy. The meeting endorsed the development of a global aviation safety roadmap and recommended that ICAO develop a global aviation safety roadmap based on a unified approach to safety initiatives to provide a global framework for coordination of safety policies and initiatives.
In July 2007, the ICAO Council accepted the new Global Aviation Safety Plan. This global safety plan has been used up to now and has not been significantly updated.
At the highest level, the Global Aviation Safety Plan provides the objective of implementing the ICAO's security strategy, namely the methods and core elements necessary to “strengthen civil aviation safety in the worldâ€, especially regarding measures to strengthen aviation safety. These security measures clarified the direction of efforts by all parties in ensuring safety, provided a framework for the formulation of regional and national activities, and ICAO’s activities through its unified strategic plan, technical assistance programs and other forms of activities.
The United States, as an important member of the world aviation industry, has actively strengthened and improved the airport's safety precautions in accordance with various safety index requirements put forward in the global aviation safety strategy in recent years with frequent occurrence of aviation terrorist incidents. It has achieved good results. effect.
Construction of Airport Security in the United States
After the “9.11†incident, the United States’s global defense strategy has undergone subtle changes. It has shifted from a strategic approach based on overseas defense to a new security concept centered on indigenous security. According to the severe security situation in the country at the time, the U.S. Congress and the Bush Administration formulated a number of aviation and airport security policies and promulgated a series of laws and regulations to provide airports and airlines with security and technical support from systems, manpower, material resources, and financial resources. .
1. Formulate and promulgate aviation and transportation safety regulations
Shortly after the "September 11" incident, the United States legislature and relevant departments formulated a series of laws and regulations, including the "Aviation and Transportation Security Law," in response to the unexpected events in the civil aviation of the United States. According to the "Aviation and Transportation Security Law," U.S. airports will deploy explosives detection systems (EDS) at the end of 2002 to ensure that there are enough explosives detectors at airports to detect checked baggage.
The "Safety Law" also requires the use of noise-stress analysis and biometrics, such as fingerprint readers and iris scanners, to check passengers to prevent dangerous elements from boarding. At the same time, the legislature requires the use of a Threat Image Projection (TIP) system to verify whether the operator of the ray device at the passenger checkpoint remains vigilant. At the same time, the United States also requires domestic and foreign airlines to send passengers and crew members’ electronic information files to the U.S. Customs Department before flying into the United States.
2. Increase airport security funding
In response to the severe counter-terrorism situation, the U.S. Congress has continuously increased related funding, and the allocation for strengthening the cockpit doors of civilian air transport vehicles in 2002 alone reached US$500 million. Between 2002 and 2003, the federal government allocated a further US$1.5 billion to allow airport operators and service providers to implement new security regulations and increase protection against airport security.
From 2002 to 2006, the US legislature approved an additional US$50 million per year for the research, development, testing, and evaluation of aviation safety advanced technologies. It also includes explosives detection systems and aircraft reinforcement materials for medium-sized airports. Technology development and research to reduce the possibility of aircraft being attacked by terrorists.
US airports such as Hesterfield, Atlanta, Miami, Orlando, and Charlotte Airport all received funds from the Commonwealth at different times. Only Atlanta Airport received approximately US$40 million in federal funds for installation explosions in 2003. Object detectors and other safety measures; at the same time, it also upgraded the facilities of two fire stations within the airport. Denver International Airport also received $71.25 million in funding from the U.S. Department of Transportation Security in 2003 to help pay for the airport's automated baggage screening system. Since then, the federal government of the United States has increased the allocation for airport security every year.
3. Reorganize the airport security team
There are many deep-rooted reasons for the occurrence of the "9.11" incident in the United States. However, one of the biggest reasons for the airport is due to the chaos of security inspection organizations and poor administrative management that lead to security loopholes. In response to this irrational situation, the U.S. federal government decided to abolish the previous contract with private security companies and the federal government recruited airport security personnel. Lockheed Martin was authorized to deploy federal security personnel. The company deployed 440,000 security personnel (mainly responsible for passenger security) at 429 airports in 2002, and later deployed 230,000 federal security personnel to conduct baggage screening. This is an extraordinary period. Emergency measures.
4. Strengthen Airport Security and Aircraft Protection
After 2001, most airports in the United States actively took action to install explosives detection systems at their respective airports to check their checked baggage. All checked baggage cannot be locked during security screening. In the United States, 63 large airports set up 267 police dog teams. By the end of 2003, a total of 82 airports used 325 police dog teams. The current police dog team is playing a role in many airports. In addition, Lockheed Martin repositioned passenger safety checkpoints at major airports in the United States and conducted site selection surveys at 429 commercial airport passenger security checkpoints. Nearly 150 squads participated in the survey to check the security process and passenger flow. Lockheed Martin has more than 20 airport pilot projects, including on-site inspection biometrics and other advanced security systems. For aircraft safety protection, airlines reinforce civil aircraft cockpit doors; isolate passengers who may carry pistols or dizziness guns from cockpits; install video monitors or other devices on aircraft to allow crew members in cockpits to Do not have to go out of the cockpit to know what is happening in the passenger compartment; formed an air force team that belongs to the United States federal government.
5. Deployment of airport security system engineering
(1) Visitors leaving fingerprints and photos
After the "9.11" terrorist attack, the United States requested that entry-exit passengers need to leave fingerprints and photos in order to prevent terrorists from infiltrating. From September 2004, the United States’ 13 major airports and two major seaports require foreign tourists to strictly implement this measure before entering or leaving the country.
(2) Regulations on the use of foreign visitor registration system (USVIS-IT)
The fingerprinting and photographing measures for foreign tourists entering the country have been piloted at the Atlanta International Airport since November 2003. In 2004, they began to use foreign visitor registration systems at 115 international airports and 14 ports. After fingerprints and photos are taken, the immigration officer can import the fingerprints and photos of visitors to the United States to enter the computer system. Foreign travelers holding U.S. visas will not be allowed to overstay their visas, and terrorists on the blacklist cannot escape.
(3) The introduction of pre-registration passenger projects
In the first half of 2004, the U.S. Department of Transportation Security implemented "pre-registration passenger projects" at five airports to allow air travelers to obtain biometric certificates. This is a unique identifier for passengers using fingerprint or film scanning so that passengers can pass through airport security faster without violating the safety standards set by the Transportation Security Administration.
(4) The second-generation computer-assisted passenger pre-screening system (CAPPSllN) enabled
In the United States, the concept of using computer systems to pre-screen passengers is not a new trick. As early as the mid-1990s, Northwest Airlines started to develop computer pre-ticketing systems used by airlines under the aegis of the Federal Aviation Administration. Computer-aided passenger pre-screening system, which is the most basic collection and investigation of passenger information, including the time, location and payment method of ticket purchase. However, in terms of job performance, some of these technical indicators are still low and the results are not ideal.
After the birth of the second generation of computer-aided passenger pre-screening system, the system was rebuilt on the basis of the first generation of computer-assisted pre-screening systems. Its main purpose was to collect all relevant passenger information; and to create a huge amount of information. The library uses these data to determine whether passengers need to conduct further security checks, or whether they are persons identified by the state on the no-fly list. The new system screens passengers for “danger†and identifies them in green, yellow and red colors. Green indicates that passengers are "highly reliable" and only routine inspections are required; yellow indicates that "high risk factors" require special inspection; red indicates "high risk factors" and passengers will be prohibited from air travel for life. Officials of the US Department of Transportation pointed out that the new pre-screening system is directly in the hands of the newly established Transportation Security Administration of the US Department of Transportation, and only government officials with background checks have the right to inspect and use the system database.
(5) Implementation of the Transport Worker Project (TWIC)
TWIC is the acronym for the transport worker ID card. The purpose of the US Transportation Security Administration’s launch of this project is to establish a uniform and complete identification standard across the United States, and to conduct a standardized background check and identification of those working in the safe closed area. At present, every airport in the United States issues its own different documents to airport employees, so the standard of the documents is not uniform. Since the machines for identifying documents are different, if you want to implement a uniform national standard of documents, you must abandon the old equipment and purchase new instruments. Therefore, the cost of implementing the project is not cheap.
The latest security measures at the airport
1. Safety regulations and security upgrades
After the “bomb parcels†sent to the United States were intercepted by the United Kingdom and the United Arab Emirates at the end of October 2010, the U.S. government tightened its nerves again, and the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) increased its large US airports in November 2010. Security level. In November 2010, the Secretary of State for National Security of the United States announced new regulations to strengthen the safety of American air transport as a safety precaution after the failed bomber mail bomb attack.
The safety regulations state that the U.S. Department of Homeland Security has instructed the U.S. air transportation industry to implement new security measures for international flights to the United States starting from November. These measures include: Continue to prohibit all cargo flights from Yemen from entering the United States, and put this ban on Expansion to all cargo flights from Somalia; no high-risk cargoes may be brought on board; passengers must not carry more than 16 ounces (about 450 grams) in carry-on or checked baggage on domestic flights to the United States and international flights to the United States. Printer cartridges and toner; all goods deemed to be of high risk are subject to further scan inspections.
In addition, according to the regulations, from November 1, 2010, the United States airport to implement strict search and security measures. If the X-ray body scan reveals that the passenger has an anomaly or the passenger refuses to accept the scan, the same-sex security officer will perform a strict tap search. A lot of passengers and some crew members who often need to be checked think that this measure is a fuss, and believe that whether it is a body scan or a body search is an infringement of the right to privacy of the people. Despite the constant opposition, Transport Security Administrator John Pistor said that as a security department, the TSA must find a balance between passenger safety and privacy. He said that before finding a better solution, the current security measures will continue to be implemented, but the relevant departments will consider how to make corresponding changes in technology and procedures to reduce incidents of infringement of passengers. At the same time, officials of the White House and the Department of Homeland Security also expressed their opinions in support of the TSA's decision, arguing that this measure can protect people's safety to the greatest extent, and President Obama also hopes that people can understand the necessity of upgrading security measures.
At the end of 2010, the number of whole-body X-ray scanners at airports across the United States has increased to 500 by the end of 2010, and by the end of 2011 it will increase to 1,000. This kind of scanning instrument, which costs more than 100,000 U.S. dollars, allows inspectors to see the nude images of the examinee from front to back and search for any banned prohibited items.
2. Seeking international cooperation
On April 22, 2010, the Secretary General of the U.S. National Security Agency issued a statement claiming that U.S. Department of Homeland Security has been actively seeking international power to protect the global aviation system against terrorists since the United States’s attempted terrorist attack on Christmas 2009. Attack.
According to the report, aviation system security needs to be completed through international joint efforts. Since the Christmas terrorist attacks, the United States has signed a statement on strengthening aviation safety jointly with the European Union and other Western Hemisphere countries, the Asia-Pacific region, and African countries. This statement is aimed at realizing information. Sharing, passenger review, technology development and aviation safety standards are improved. At present, the U.S. National Security Department has begun implementing a study of the set of safety layers to diagnose potential hazard sources. In addition, the United States stated that it will cooperate with the International Energy Laboratory to promote the development of the 21st century security level.
3. Develop and use new security products
According to the report of the US Defense magazine, No. 10, 2010, the National Security Division of the United States and Florida State University initiated a security software development project developed by Abeo Technology Solutions, a New Jersey company. At present, the United States has developed large-scale airport field security monitoring software, monitoring software named AWARE (automated warning and response engine an automatic alarm and reactor). In the past, the security monitoring method at the airport was equipped with two or three security monitoring personnel to monitor the images and information obtained by more than 500 cameras and sensors. Massive information and pictures are very stressful for the staff. The new software is just like this. Generated under the demand. Bob Alien, head of Abeo’s business development department, said: “The alertness of humans is not much elasticity, and we can now allow the monitoring staff to observe the camera’s image with electronic speedâ€.
AWARE software allows users to have the ability to view panoramic images from the screen. At the same time, it locates cameras in any place. When an irregular phenomenon occurs, the software immediately alerts the relevant personnel and takes action. AWARE can use a variety of different formats, including Google Maps or 3-D computer design images to track any image scene. When a potential danger is captured by the camera or sensor, the color of the icon in the screen changes.
In addition to monitoring software, new technology products are emerging in the field of airport security. For example, American Analgetic, which is dedicated to airport security and medical imaging, recently introduced the new eXaminerSX, a CT-based baggage explosives scanning system. Small but can handle 350 bags per hour. In addition, the company also introduced the eXaminerXLB, which has a processing speed of 1200 bags per hour.
Conclusion
"September 11" has been more than a decade. Perhaps more people will ask: Is the United States today more secure than it was more than a decade ago? Judging from the actual situation, the United States has taken various measures to enhance the safety of its staff, including the introduction of advanced security equipment at airports across the country. It can be said that civil aviation safety in the United States has indeed made great progress after the September 11 attacks. However, the world is constantly changing and the threats faced are constantly changing. Therefore, the United States has never relaxed its airport security measures, especially after the suicide terrorist bombing in Domodedovo Airport in Moscow, Russia, in early 2011. The airport has maintained a high degree of vigilance for its safety. US Transportation Security Administration spokesperson Nicolas Kimball said: “We are closely watching the tragic events at Moscow’s Domodedovo Airport. As always, we’re working with international partners to share information on the best security measures. The US airport may Take additional security measures, such as adding explosive detection devices, sniffing dogs, etc.†Bloom, a US researcher, said: “It is necessary to reassess, rethink, and possibly reconfigure aviation safety resources.â€
In view of this increasingly complex and severe security situation, our country has also increased its investment in air defense security in recent years. From the perspective of airports, the CAAC has formulated more specific and detailed regulations on the security of the flight area in terms of policies, such as “Standards for the Construction of Airport Security and Protection Facilities for Civil Aviation Transport†and “Administrative Regulations for the Safe Operation of Civil Airportsâ€, etc. Regulations concerning the construction of civil airport security facilities such as enclosures, passages, monitoring and alarm systems in flight areas, and more capital investment in technical defense construction of airports have been implemented. At present, technical prevention measures have been deployed in airports in China. , but more dense deployment, more advanced construction Perhaps we can learn from the United States, Israel and other countries some experience.
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