Application of arginine in sow nutrition
1 arginine and NO and polyamines on the growth of the placenta and fetal growth
Sow pregnancy 30-40d is a critical period of uterine development, therefore, its development directly affects the growth and development of the fetus during pregnancy. Studies have shown that the development of uterus during pregnancy is not only related to the nutritional status of sows, but also to the synthesis and utilization of NO and polyamines in the body. NO is a major vasodilator produced by endothelial cells and has a strong vasodilating effect, which plays a very important role in improving the supply of fetal blood, nutrients and oxygen to the placenta (Bird et al., 2003). Polyamines regulate the synthesis of DNA and proteins, ultimately regulating cell growth and development (Flynn et al., 2002). Many studies have shown that NO and polyamines are important regulators of increased blood vessel numbers, embryonic development, and fetal placental growth (Reynolds et al., 2001). Arginine is a common substrate for NOS and ornithine decarboxylase and produces NO and polyamine, respectively (Wu et al., 1998). Therefore, arginine may be a limiting amino acid that affects fetal growth and development. Studies have found that sows have a particularly high level of arginine and ornithine in the allantoic fluid, and the activity and concentration of NO and polyamine synthase are also maximal (Wu et al., 2005). Poor malnutrition or overnutrition in sows affects the amount of arginine in sows and also reduces the synthesis of placental NO and polyamines (Wu et al., 1998).
2 lactating pig endogenous arginine can not meet the needs of its optimal growth
Insufficient arginine not only affects the growth and development of the fetus, but also affects the growth of newborn piglets. Arginine is an essential amino acid in suckling piglets, and insufficient supply of lactated arginine is an important factor limiting the maximum growth of newborn piglets (Wu et al., 2000). The experimental data of artificial feeding piglets showed that the growth potential of piglets after birth was at least 400g/d (from birth to 21 days old), while that of suckling piglets was only 230g/d. Compared with newborn piglets, 7-day-old suckling piglets reduced the synthesis of arginine and citrulline in the small intestine by 70%-73%, and further decreased at 14-21d. Therefore, the endogenous arginine synthesis in piglets is gradually reduced during lactation. Flynn et al (2000) showed that the concentration of NO in plasma of 7-12d in suckling piglets also gradually decreased, and the blood ammonia concentration gradually increased. Feeding 7-21d suckling piglets with 0.2% and 0.4% arginine diets showed that arginine diet increased plasma arginine concentration, decreased blood ammonia concentration, and piglet body weight gain. Increase by 28% and 66% respectively (Kim et al., 2004).
3 arginine on the reproductive performance of sows
Domestic and foreign literature reports that the effect of arginine on the nutritional physiology of sows is mainly focused on improving the reproductive performance of sows. Laspiur et al. (2001) studied the effects of dietary arginine supplementation on the performance of lactating sows during lactation. The results showed that the addition of 1.34% arginine to the diet could improve the feed utilization rate of the sow, but had no significant effect on the performance of the suckling piglets. Ramaekers et al. (2006) added 25 g/d arginine to the diet at 14-28 days of primiparous and sows, increasing the average litter size (1.25 litters per litter and 1.18 heads, respectively). The number of litters and litters (1.08 heads/well and 0.93 heads/well, respectively). In addition, Mateo et al. (2007) studied the effect of adding arginine on the reproductive performance of primiparous sows in gestational sows 30-114d gestation. The results showed that the addition of arginine in the diet increased plasma arginine. The levels of acid, ornithine and proline also increase the number of litters and litter weight in the primiparous sows. Mateo et al. (2008) reported that the addition of arginine to lactating sows improved the growth performance of piglets. The above results indicate that supplementation with arginine in sow diets can increase litter size in sows and also improve piglet growth performance.
In conclusion, studying the protective effect of nutrients on body damage under high temperature and heat stress environment is the development direction of current special nutrition research. The role of single amino acids has attracted more and more scholars at home and abroad. After familiarizing with and understanding the effects of high temperature heat stress on the physiological function and production performance of sows and the metabolic pathway of arginine in the body, further grasp the anti-oxidative stress of arginine and play a guiding role in production practice. . Although the sow can synthesize arginine endogenously, it is insufficient under stress conditions. Appropriately increasing the supply of arginine in the sow diet at this stage is an important measure to improve the reproductive performance of the sow.
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