1 source of variety
It was introduced from the Shaanxi Provincial Tree Breeding Seedling Breeding Center. In May 2005, it was approved by the Shaanxi Provincial Fruit Variety Approval Committee. After experimental observation, the variety is a pre-maturing 15 days earlier than the Red General, large fruit type, bright color, color II series, in addition to following the flavor of Fuji, it also has the characteristics of clean fruit and high fruit rate. Pilots in all districts showed stable traits, strong resistance, and wide adaptability. Since the variety originated in Tongchuan City, Shaanxi Province, it was named Yuhua Zaofu by the name of the local Yuhua Palace Summer Resort.
2 fruit economic traits
Yuhua early rich fruit round to nearly round, fruit shape index 0.88, the skin is thin and tough with waxy, the background color is yellow-green or yellowish, with stripes
Bright red; fruit surface smooth, no rust, large fruit, round, obvious, yellow to yellowish white; fruit stems thick, stalks deep, wide and slow, sepals small semi-closed; fruit large fruit type, reasonable Under the premise of load, the average fruit weight is 231g, and the maximum fruit weight is 304g, which is equivalent to late-maturing Fuji, but the uniformity and excellent fruit rate are higher than that of late-maturing Fuji. 80% of the fruit's transverse diameter is concentrated in 75-82mm. More than 60%.
Yuhua early rich flesh yellowish white, fleshy dense and crisp, juicy juice, aroma; small heart, seed brown oval; fruit hardness when harvested 13.7kg / cm2, soluble solid content 14.79%, total sugar content 12.9 %, titratable acid content 0.36%, VC content 6.5mg/100g, quality superior.
The storage capacity of Yuhua Early Rich is equivalent to that of GS58. It can be stored until the Spring Festival at room temperature. Under cold storage conditions, it can be stored until April of the next year. The meat quality is not soft, the skin color of the peel turns yellow, and the wax is oily.
3 Biological characteristics
3.1 Growth situation
Yuhua’s early rich trees are strong and the canopy expands rapidly. After the result, the tree poses more open. The 8-year-old Qiaohua tree adopts the main branch and the main pole to be inserted at multiple points. In the third year, the original tree body size can be reached. The average length of the branches is 71cm and the thickness is 0.51cm. Long put down, the germination rate is 55%, the branching rate is 17.3%, the long and medium short branching ratio is 27.4:33.8:38.8; the 3-year-old tree planting M26 intermediatestock is 3.5 meters high, the crown diameter is 3.2 meters, the dry week is 18.3cm, the average is average 71 cm, thickness 0.57 cm. Long put down, the germination rate is 59%, the branching rate is 15.8%, and the ratio of long and medium short branches is 11.8:29.8:58.4.
3.2 Results habits
Yuhua has a good early fruit compared with the late mature long branch Fuji. Under normal management conditions, the average plant yield of the second year of high tree is 3.5kg, equivalent to 280kg of 667m2; the rate of flowering of the 4th year old tree is 31%, and the rate of flowering of the 5th year is 100%; M26 intermediate anvil In the third year of sapling planting, the rate of flowering plants reached 45%, and in the fourth year, the rate of flowering plants reached 100%.
In 2001, after the implementation of the flower-promoting measures for the Yuhuazaofu tree with a growth of 2 years and a high of 8 years, in 2003, the proportion of all kinds of fruit in the 垆, long, medium and short was 30:35:12:23; The proportion of all kinds of fruit in the year, long, medium and short is 20:10:21:49, which indicates that the long, short and short fruit branches of this variety can be flowered. The results of the first fruit stage are mainly the long fruit branches and the buds. The result was changed to short fruit branches and middle fruit branches.
The fruit set rate of Yuhua early rich is higher, the natural fruit setting rate of inflorescence is 68% in two years, the flower setting rate is 24%, and there is no fruit drop before harvesting. The continuous result of fruit tops is stronger than that of late ripe Fuji, and the results of small and small years are not obvious. High yield and stable production, the output statistics of the mother tree in the hospital for 6 consecutive years are significantly higher than the adjacent Qingfu 13 varieties, with a cumulative increase of 23.2%.
3.3 phenological period
The buds sprouted on April 7th in the central part of Tongchuan area, on the 15th, the flowers on the 15th, the flowers on the 17th, the sunset flowers on the 21st, the coloration on the 14th, and the maturity on the 14th. The buds on the southern part of the Tongchuan area on April 5th sprouted, on the early 12th. Flowers, 15th flower, 18 sunset flowers, mature on September 12. The fruit growth period is 145 days.
3.4 Resistance and adaptability
Compared with the late red Fuji, the nutrient accumulation of this species is relatively large, and the suitable area is wide. Through the Fengyuan Town of Linyi District, Baishui Xigu, Beiquan of Liquan, Luochuan Stone Town, Fufeng Juliang Farm and other places have been introduced, no smoking and branch freezing damage, no fruit disease, high fruit rate The results are good. According to the survey, the disease index of deciduous disease was 1.9 in early 2004, and the rate of larvae was 7.65%, which was stronger than the mature red star cultivar in the same period.
4 Botanical characteristics
The Qiaohua variety, the canopy is tall, the saplings stand tall, the growth potential is strong, the canopy spreads fast, the new shoots grow a lot, and the tree poses after opening, similar to Fuji. Perennial branches are thick, yellowish brown, lenticels are oval, more, slightly convex, yellowish brown. The new shoots are long, medium-thick, yellow-brown to russet, with rounded lenticels, auburn, micro-convex, small and irregular in size, many in hairs, with an average length of 2.58 cm between nodes, and the base of the branches is denser and less velvety.
The leaves are large, with an average length of 7.87 cm, a width of 5.28 cm, a long oval shape, and a venetian weight of 89.4 g, green to dark green. The leaves are smooth, the apex acuminate, the leaf base is round, the leaf margin is deep in the serration, the leaf back is more hairy, the yellowish brown, the veins are protruding, the petiole is long, medium thick, pale purple and has small stipules, and the petiole is separated from the layer. It is purple.
The leaf buds are large, conical, with more hairs, appressed, dark reddish brown. The top flower bud is conical, medium and large, with loose scales and more velvet hair. The buds of the buds are mostly born on the top of the stout, which is richer and more velvety than the general buds. There are usually 5 flowers per inflorescence, and the flowering period is neat. The center flower is about 1 day earlier than the side flower.
5 Cultivation techniques
5.1 Site selection and planting
Yuhua is rich in mid-late maturity and is suitable for cultivation in the area of ​​600~1100m above sea level. All areas should be combined with variety structure adjustment, focusing on the area of ​​600-900m, with good soil site conditions and convenient transportation.
The seedlings were selected from M26 intermediate anvil first-grade seedlings, with a row spacing of 3 m×4 m. Pollination trees were arranged according to 1: (5-7), and pollination trees were planted with 嘎, Xinhong, and Hongao; planting method, the exposed height of the intermediate anvil 10 to 15 cm, 5 cm non-irrigation irrigation, seedling to the first casing and the anvil graft dwarfing, the dressing should be combined with the second casing in mid August fall, which can effectively shorten the rejuvenation period, reducing the extent of damage to the soil structure, ensure groundwater hair suction supply. After transplanting timely given dry, cut to stay based on how much time digging planting seedlings for the degree of root damage to be, to do above and below ground balance.
5.2 Plastic trimming
We should adopt a free elongated spindle or spindle, in the process of shaping the need to cultivate the central leader absolute advantage, the main branch of small thickness below 1/3 of the green portion of its thickness, to ensure the central age Mikie larger than the main branch more than 2 years, larger than the main branch of collateral than 1 year. The small main branch uses the flowering, pulling, holding, changing, cutting and other flower-promoting measures to cultivate the small and medium-sized branch group with the bead curtain type drooping. The height of the tree is controlled at about 3 meters, and the crown width is 2 to 2.5 meters. The lower main branch has more than 3 hours of direct sunlight per day.
5.3 Flower Management
Yuhua early rich inherited some of the features of Fuji, to high fertilizer requirements, if the load is too large will cause the size of the results, and therefore strictly thinning, required 20 ~ 25cm left a fruit, 667m2 retained 8,000 to 12,000 fruit Just fine. The fruit bagging is advocated, and the bagging time should be carried out around May 10th. On August 20th, the bag is picked up, and the other is carried out according to the bagging technical regulations. Reflective membranes can also be placed on conditional orchards.
5.4 Fertilizer management
Based on the principle of “pre-nitrogen fertilizer, post-phosphorus potassium fertilizer, early application of base fertilizer, suitable application of topdressing fertilizer, organic and inorganic combinationâ€. The base fertilizer is applied in time after the apple is harvested, mainly based on farmyard manure, with appropriate amount of available nitrogen fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer. Generally, the initial fruiting period is 667m2, the organic fertilizer is 2000-3000kg, the fruiting period is 667m2, 3000~5000kg, the ammonium carbonate is 20~50kg, and the superphosphate is 30~50kg. Topdressing is generally twice a year, that is, topdressing before flowering and topdressing during flower bud differentiation. The pre-flowering fertilizer is supplemented by nitrogen fertilizer as the main phosphate fertilizer. The diammonium or ternary compound fertilizer is used. The young tree is 667m2 and 20kg is applied. The result tree is about 40kg, which mainly promotes the growth of the fruit in the same year. The topdressing of flower bud differentiation can improve the quality of flower bud differentiation. With the quantity, increase the fruit hardness and sugar content, mainly phosphorus and potassium fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer, it is recommended that 667m2 diammonium 30kg, potassium sulfate or potassium chloride 50~70kg, it is best to water after fertilization. Foliar spray fertilizer, combined with spraying for about 6 times a year, mainly supplements a large amount of elements of phosphorus and potassium, calcium and magnesium medium elements and trace elements such as boron, iron and zinc.
5.5 Pest Control
Yuhua Zaofu, like other late-maturing Fuji, is less resistant to early defoliation. In the early stage, Dasheng, polyoxymycin, and agricultural anti-120 should be used alternately. After bagging, the Bordeaux mixture is added to strengthen the prevention and treatment of the disease. . In addition, Yuhua early rich scorpion tablets are semi-closed, and the irrigation area below 700m above sea level, it is found that about 2% of the fruit has a mildew heart disease. It is recommended to increase the spraying of the disease before and after the flowering period to effectively control the occurrence of the disease.
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