How do fire brigade officers and soldiers protect their own safety in the "firefighting technology" firefighting and rescue?

"People's Republic of China Fire Law" October 28, 2008 promulgated so that the functions of the fire has been greatly expanded, from "only talk about fire fire" development to rescue 19 kinds of disasters and rescue personnel-related life. When the rescue missions for 19 kinds of disaster accidents were added to the firefighting officer's task table, it meant that the police rate and the protection of human life and the value of the goods were doubled; for the fire brigade, it meant that the casualty risk rate increased sharply. According to statistics, in 2008 the national fire brigade received 51 . From 40,000, fires and rescues accounted for half of the total; 530,000 were dispatched by the police in 2009 , 23 % more than emergency fires, and 1.14 million were fired by the fire-fighting force in 2014 , which is more than the Fire Law. In 2008 it has doubled.

With the doubling of the police rate, the casualties of the fire officers and soldiers in the fighting are still high. Since 2008 , an average of 10 fire officers and soldiers have sacrificed each year . In some places, there have been one case where a fire caused the death of more than 10 fire officers and soldiers. Therefore, how to ensure the safety of fire officers and soldiers, so that there is no fearless injury or death in the fire fighting and extinguishing work is a key point to consider.

One or five points to evade fire officers and soldiers casualties

1, attack point. Position setting point

Offensive points refer to front-line force deployment positions where fires can be safely extinguished or controlled, including offensive routes, gun positions, water supply positions, parking positions, and alert points. The choice of these positions is not a random position, but to meet three basic conditions:

1 Within the effective range of the water jet tool;

2 does not pose a threat to the safety of combatants, such as the threat of collapse, explosion, or fall;

3 easy to observe, easy to retreat, not a dead end. The specific method is as follows:

(1) According to the difference in disaster accidents and the difference in the operational environment, attention should be paid to the selection of positions from time to time. Such as construction fires, water guns, artillery arrays are usually located close to the population, relying on the bearing wall, close to doors and windows, relying on objects, relatively obvious place, avoiding falling objects, seeing the ground, outside the collapse radius and so on.

(2) In the case of chemical fires, the positions of guns and guns are generally set to upper or sideward winds, covered by dependent objects, and evaded dark trenches and manholes.

(3) Combining with specific objects, taking large space steel fires as an example, offensive positions can usually be set outside doors and windows, and can also be set on the basis of dividing walls, and can also be bombarded with external water cannons; high-rise building fires should be In the lower layer of the fire floor is set up as an inner attack power gathering ground, and an offensive position is set at the evacuation stairway of the fire floor, and the position is moved forward or backward according to the advancement and retreat of the fire. If the fire spreads to the adjoining building, it can be spread. The proper location, layout blocking position, cutting off the spread; underground building fires, should set up positions in the upper and windward population, and depending on the circumstances to extend the position. For example, if a plan listed a market in a wholesale fire, the commander set four fire-fighting cannons in a four- corner layout rather than four- side settings, which ensured that each water cannon was maximally placed at a small angle. The two long-side rolling fires in the wholesale market are suppressed in a range, which can prevent the central burning zone from falling out of control and possibly damaging the vehicle. All these kinds of matters are very important. Firefighters must not follow their wishes. Otherwise, the consequences are very serious.

2. High-risk entry point, ie, life exclusion zone

The high-risk ban on humans refers to the danger that life-threatening combatants may pose a danger. This should be a life-forbidden land that every commander and combatant must keep in mind and cannot be easily overstepped. From the analysis of the battles where casualties have already occurred, at least the following bans are worth keeping in mind:

1 The area that may have collapsed, such as the Mengniu fire in Maanshan, Anhui Province, where the brick walls and the top of the steel structure are easily collapsed;

2 may fall injury areas, such as a fire in a high-rise building in Shanghai, when the explosion occurred, the pressure wave directly pushed the soldiers to the window EI ;

3 In the area of ​​possible re-inflation, such as the burning of benzene in the Suzhou Suzhou Chemical Plant, after the foam was covered, the soldiers mistakenly covered the area and stirred the foam, causing re-ignition;

4 It may be in the empty damage zone, for example, the fire in Yichun, Jiangxi, will drop off the hot well.

5 may be reflection damage areas, such as the Changshu County, Zhejiang Province, a car chasm after the fall from the rescue, the hook can not bear to be immediately straightened, the reaction force movement hook hit the soldier did not wear the head of the helmet;

6 May be the area of ​​electric shock, such as fire in a residential area in Huinan, Shanghai, and in the case of not all power off, that is, water fire and so on. In addition to the above exclusion zone, there are different requirements based on the difference in disaster accidents and the operational environment, as follows:

(1) If there is a horizontal oil ( gas ) tank fire, cooling positions may not be provided at both ends. Due to the explosion of the LPG tank, the tank fragments at both ends fly farthest and have the greatest damage.

(2) When parking on slopes, it is not easy to set personnel guarding positions on downhill slopes. If a city stores a fire on a roadside shop and the fire truck stops on the side of a slope to start a battle, the slope will not be taken due to a safety shutdown. The soldier was seriously injured.

(3) When dealing with a chemical spill accident, it is not possible to place the position beside a manhole because once the explosion, the pressure wave will be released through the wellhead and spread to people and equipment.

(4) Large space steel fires, if the load is large or the fire point is high and close to the top of the steel structure, it is not easy for the combatants to set up guns indoors. Because the load is large, the heat value is large and the temperature is high, and the steel structure is easily collapsed in advance. Such as a city tire warehouse fire, fire officers and soldiers evacuated in a timely manner to avoid casualties.

(5) Be cautious with ground cover on the offensive channel. If a paper mill fires, three firefighters fall into the hot well and unfortunately sacrifice. Afterwards, the inconspicuous bamboo fence covered by the neglect of the well is the direct cause of the tragedy. They may mistakenly estimate the underside of the fence or the ground. It is a well, and the fence is weathered by the wind and it is rotted and difficult to bear. This lesson reminds us that it is best not to pass over or clear or confirm light barriers or disguise on the ground. We must not be blind but must not be seen.

3, security points. Emergency emergency point

The point of safety refers to the need for a safe place to divert, bypass, or withdraw from the point of attack when the sudden change in the situation at the point of attack of the forward position threatens the safety of the fire officers and soldiers at the point of attack. Sites that are prone to mutations are particularly important for the selection of safety points.

"Security Point" has two purposes:

1 It can avoid dangers in an emergency and protect the safety of fire officers and soldiers;

2 It can be used as a second-step offensive point to continue to control the disaster. Therefore, the key to the selection of security points is to be good at using the surrounding terrain and features. The timing of choice lies in peacetime familiarity with the judgment of the disaster situation and the grasp of the surrounding environment in wartime. This places high demands on the tactical quality of commanders and combatants at all levels. The following is analyzed through two specific cases.

(1) A fire broke out at a dome warehouse in a certain place. There were a number of iron shelves in the warehouse. The shelf collapsed during the fire and the combatants ran to the door to death. In analyzing this case, the author thinks there are some points worth thinking:

1 The first position of the combatant, that is, the choice of the offensive spot, was probably in the middle of the shelf. Even if it was found that the shelf would collapse, it would be too late to escape because the time went from the middle of the shelf to the end of the shelf. Visible, this position should be located near the end of the shelf, not the waist side.

2 The choice of direction for the combatants to escape may also be inappropriate. The escape path should depend on the collapse radius of the shelves and the length of the run to the endpoints. Shorter length should be the direction of escape. From this case analysis, the basic conclusion is that the attack point of the position should be near the end of the shelf, the banned point should be the waist of the shelf, and the safety point should be at one end of the shelf or avoid any direction of collapse.

(2) A fire broke out in a shopping mall. After the firefighters ascended the stairs, the stairs were closed by the fire and the rear road was cut off. The firemen were forced to flee to the roof of the building and were sacrificed because they could not escape from the roof without carrying safety ropes. From this analysis:

1 The firefighter's choice of offensive path is purely a matter of no mistake. Running to the top of the building as a security point is also a place for temporary escape.

2 Because there was no cover with intrinsic power and did not carry the safety rope, the wrong choice of the firefighter made the roof a life-forbidden land.

4, security awareness point

The point of safety awareness refers to the safety awareness of the fire officers and soldiers in thinking about avoiding accidental injury. The biggest hidden danger is the fact that the fire brigade’s own safety awareness is not strong. There are several general manifestations:

1 The consciousness of the rule is weakened, and actions are not performed according to safety regulations;

2 Fortunately, I always feel that bad things will not come to my head;

3 Paralysis, feeling that his actions will not cause harm.

There are many similar lessons. If a fire broke out in a township workshop, the fire was directly damaged by only a few thousand dollars. The fire brigade stopped directly next to the workshop on the spot, but the workshop exploded, causing eight serious firefighters . A dormitory of a rural fire, fire loss is only 3200 yuan, but the wall collapsed killing one firefighter sacrifice. From this we can see that the ideological security loophole is also a big “hazard” in our combat operations. We must find a place and rectify it in place. Only in this way can combat security be guaranteed and the security situation can be realized.

5, timing

It is based on mastering the laws of disaster accidents, and is good at grasping warplanes, winning warplanes, and turning crisis into opportunity. At the battle scene, when fighter planes arrive, it is time to decide whether they are dead or not. Therefore, “fast” is the opportunity, that is, life; if the decision is indecisive, even if there are fighter planes coming, but the effective time left for you is very little, once it is taken Action is full of risks and it is difficult to win. For example, a city with a large space steel cold storage fire, the fire brigade arrived earlier, the smoke inside the library is not strong, there is visibility, this time sent personnel to save people, the timing is very good, the risk is controllable. Unfortunately, the commander did not send people to enter at that time. When the fire continued to burn for 15 minutes or so, the water sniper of a certain population suddenly found out that someone was running out of the library and said there might be people inside. As a result, firefighters were unfortunately strangled by collapsed steel roofs as they entered search and rescue. Obviously, opportunities and challenges coexist. At the scene of firefighting and rescue, the timing also coincides with the casualties of the fire brigades. From the point of view of capturing powerful opportunities that can avoid misfortunes, there are mainly the following limited opportunities for combat operations:

(1) Opportunity given by time difference. Cold storage fire as described above.

(2) Opportunity given by poor combustible properties. In the case of crude oil fires, due to the presence of water cushions, they usually appear boiling and splashing after burning for 1 h . It is necessary to pay attention to avoiding dangers during the fight, while light oil burning is relatively stable.

(3) Opportunities given before the disaster. Some fires are complicated and some signs will appear before the disaster occurs. If the crude oil fire overflows before the signs of slopping, signs of liquefied petroleum gas tanks before the explosion and so on. When there is a danger sign on the site, it should be evacuated immediately.

(4) Opportunity given by the elevation difference. For example, in Liziyuan Tunnel LPG train explosion fire, there are two out of the population, the relative height is different, one is facing the sun, the terrain is higher, one is back-yang and the terrain is low. How to take countermeasures from the two populations depends on the judgment of leaks and fire points. For several blasts at the scene, the headquarters analyzed that the population with high ground, due to the rising sun, had higher temperatures. The liquid liquefied petroleum gas leaking from the tank car was heated to gas and flowed to low-lying areas. When encountering fire pits The car exploded. Based on this, the commanding department judged that the high-lying population was close to the leakage point, and the low-lying end was close to the ignition point. As a result, the headquarters took different measures against the two out of the population and effectively disposed of the fire, resulting in no casualties of the fire officers and soldiers. .

(5) Opportunities given by poor weather. It is common for the wind to experience sudden changes in the direction of the wind. Difficulties are difficult for commanders to be good at strain. Such as a large city of a large enterprise warehouse tires fire, the library is a large space structure of steel structure, the role of fire in the wind, burning from east to west, 600 meters long tire warehouse is facing threats. After several hours of suppression, the wind direction reversed abruptly, and the command headquarters adjusted and deployed in time. Relying on the partitions, the number of frontier guns and water supply were increased, and the fire was successfully controlled until it was eliminated. For another example, the power of a certain oil depot is relatively reasonable before the wind has changed. However, when the direction of the wind reverses sudden changes, it is difficult to adjust the force in time, and the road to retreat is blocked by the fire truck. After the explosion, several deaths and injuries are caused to the fire brigade and the vehicle is severely damaged.

(6) Opportunity given by poor equipment. Firefighting equipment is a material element of combat effectiveness. The difference in equipment, from a certain point of view, will also confuse the safety of fire officers and soldiers. For example, in a large-scale wholesale market in a city where the fighting lasted for more than 48 hours , the firefighters replaced 2 300 bottles of air respirator during infighting to ensure the needs of internal attackers, all of which were purchased by the detachment for large-scale air breathing. If the vehicle is filled without a quick reload, the in-house attacker will not have respiratory protection and safety will be difficult to safeguard. For another example, a large-scale remote-controlled water cannon fire near the oil depot approached the cooling and evaded the threat of radiant heat to the firefighters when the old water guns were controlled by firemen.

(7) Create opportunities given by tactics. On the fire scene, the use of each tactic is targeted. It is of course also necessary to create a tactic of war for the fire safety of officers and soldiers. For example, underground fires are used for left-to-right and out-of-town fires, front-to-back virtual reality, exploration progress, and demolition and exhaust.

2 Identify the "five points" approach

1. Strengthen education. Build a safety awareness

In light of the weaknesses in the ideological awareness of the needless casualties of fire officers and soldiers, strengthening education, tightening the string of thoughts, and building up a “firewall” in the subconscious, is an invisible way for firefighters to avoid accidental casualties and ensure that they are able to survive. "Insurance lock." There are many methods of education, which are summarized as follows:

(1) The conventional method. According to the risk of potential fire or disaster accidents in the area, it will focus on learning relevant basic knowledge, basic characteristics, abrupt conditions, countermeasures, and precautions, etc., so that it will enter the mind and enter into the brain. There is a basic outline of ideology, and the battle and command are clearly defined. The awareness of safety precautions, the enhancement of pertinence, the reduction of blindness, and the establishment of ideological foundations for action safety.

(2) Case warning method. This method can guide the fire officers and soldiers to the case scenario and use the seminar method to learn. In teaching, it is possible to analyze and compare and study the successful practices and failures of firefighters to avoid accidental casualties, and to extract some safety rules from them, and also to allow fire officers and soldiers to broaden their horizons through their own thinking or the thinking of others. The uniqueness of this law is that fire officers and soldiers can be encouraged to think independently, attach importance to two-way exchanges, and guide them to become knowledge-oriented.

2, master the law. Grasp the risk characteristics

Everything is pre-established, and the core of the presupposition is to master the law. Firefighters and soldiers taking responsibility for saving the lives of their personnel must grasp the similarities and differences in the laws of disaster accidents and grasp their risk characteristics in dealing with various disaster accidents.

In the case of fire, different types have different risks. Such as:

1 Building fires, which have risks of collapse, flashover, obsession, electric shock, airborne, suffocation, and mutual fire;

2 petrochemical fires, with the risk of explosion, poisoning, re-combustion and other explosions;

3 Traffic accident fires have risks of being hit and exploded. Grasping risk characteristics is the key to the mission of fire rescue personnel.

3, set standards. Strengthen technical protection

Disaster accidents have their own laws and risk characteristics. How to organize and systematize these numerous and meticulous attentions ? The more feasible approach should be to sort them out to form the basic technical standards and safety procedures that firefighters comply with, and to effectively ensure the technical prevention of the system. In view of the further development of the firefighting function, the Fire Bureau of the Ministry of Public Security has already established a number of safety regulations, such as preventing collapse, preventing explosions, preventing explosions, preventing poisoning, preventing electric shock, preventing fire damage, preventing injury, launching the whole body, preventing corrosion, and preventing Falling and so on. Each category has specific operational requirements. Taking underground engineering fires as an example, in order to prevent disorientation, it is stipulated that left and right exits or right and left exits. In order to prevent emptying, it is prescribed that when traveling, it must be preceded by virtual reality, and exploration progress should be made. All of these, every fire officer and soldier must be reckless and conscious.

4, choose the commander. Controlling the combat process

The commander is the core figure of the battle and relates to the success or failure of fire fighting, rescue and firefighters' life safety. At present, although the selection of fire commanders has improved, there are still some gaps between the requirements of the commanders and the mission. It is recommended to strengthen it from two aspects:

1 According to the appointment of professional talents, it is no longer possible to place those who do not understand business in the position of a military officer, and even in battle there is always a "crutch" command. He only appears as an official who does not take responsibility.

2 Selecting a commander should pay attention to the battle experience. He should not only pay attention to the working period, and he can no longer put a person with no fire fighting experience on the post of the commander. If there is a fire in a market in a city, the commander of the fire brigade on the site is transferred from the head of the secretariat of the higher authority. The result is that the fire is turned upside down and the small fire causes a disaster. Such cases show that the lack of professional commanders means that the firefighters are at increased risk of accidental casualties. If the commanders are highly professional, although they cannot say that one hundred percent of the firefighters are accidentally killed or wounded, the risks at the battlefield are still controllable.

The information in this article comes from the Internet and was reorganized and edited by China Rescue Equipment Network.