The effect of beta-mannanase in feed is reflected in net energy rather than metabolizable energy, which is different from ordinary digestive enzymes.
The mechanism of action of traditional β-mannanase is limited to the digestion of substrates and the release of nutrients. Compared with the data of living experiments, the benefits of digestion and nutrient release are much smaller than those observed in production. The theory of digestion does not fully explain the mechanism of action of β-mannanase, but it can clearly describe the benefits of β-mannanase from relieving unnecessary feed-induced immune responses and the efficiency of poultry production. improve.
Beta-mannan in feed can induce the body's innate immune response
In short, the immune response induced by the body due to the presence of non-infectious factors in the feed is called the feed-induced immune response (FIIR). Unlike protein (antigen)-derived antibodies, the immune response directly elicited by non-infectious factors such as galactomannan and lipopolysaccharide is immunologically classified as an innate immune response.
--galactomannan is a linear soluble polysaccharide with β-(1-4)-mannose as the main chain, β-(1-6) galactose and/or glucose linked to β-mannan On the main chain. They are highly viscous, water soluble and can withstand the high temperatures of drying/baking during soy processing. As a non-starch polysaccharide, β-galactomannan is widely found in feed ingredients, mainly including soybean meal, sunflower meal, palm meal, coconut meal and sesame meal.
Usually, animals lack endogenous enzymes that break down galactomannans, and β-mannan can be passed by various immune recognition cells through multiple pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) (including serum protein mannose-binding lectin MBL, nectar The glycoside receptor MR, etc., recognizes a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP), induces a body's inflammatory response, and a series of biological reactions such as cell phagocytosis.
Changed the energy distribution pattern, allowing more energy to be used to grow and maintain the
Studies have shown that after the addition of β-mannanase to feed PAMP-galactomannan as a small molecule, the mannooligosaccharide fragment cannot be recognized by a pattern recognition receptor (such as MBL). Therefore, by preventing the feed-induced immune response, β-mannanase can save expensive energy for growth and production, improve group uniformity, and improve production performance.
Since the pathogen-associated PAMP of β-galactomannan present in poultry feed can induce an immune response, β-galactomannan is recognized by the innate immune system, which in turn produces a series of biological reactions, wasting energy and Nutrients, leading to a decline in production efficiency.
Researchers such as David M. Anderson of Chemgen Corp conducted experiments on the relationship between galactomannan and serum α-acid glycoprotein (AGP) in broiler feed. In the AGP measurement of broiler chickens aged 0~2 weeks, it was found that the AGP content in serum also increased linearly with the increase of galactomannan content in the feed. After the addition of β-mannanase to the feed, the AGP content decreased. This shows that β-mannanase decomposes mannan into small molecules, which prevents the recognition of mannan by intestinal cells and avoids unnecessary immune stress.
Guar gum contains a large amount of water-soluble galactomannan, which is often used as a semi-purified mannan source to study the effect of β-mannanase on poultry production performance. Researchers at Oklahoma State University found that guar gum and beta-mannanase added to the metabolic energy and net energy of broilers found that the enzyme energy increased by 2.2% compared with the enzyme-free group. The difference was not significant. However, the net weight gain of the enzyme-added group was increased by 5.2%, which was significantly different from that of the non-enzyme group.
It can be seen that the effect of beta-mannanase in feed is reflected in net energy rather than metabolizable energy, which is different from ordinary digestive enzymes. This also shows that β-mannanase changes the energy distribution pattern, allowing more energy to be used for growth and maintenance (net energy).
Studies have shown that the content of soluble galactomannan in corn-soybean-type poultry feed can be between 2500 and 4500 ppm, assuming that galactomannan is completely digested by β-mannanase into monosaccharide (hexose) and Absorption and metabolism, while releasing the energy of the same amount of glucose metabolism, then the energy benefits of digestion theory are between 9 and 17 kcal / kg. However, broiler trials have shown that the benefits of adding beta-mannanase (and enzymes) to feed energy levels are much greater than this figure (Table 1).
Studies conducted by Mark Jackson, a researcher at the American High Kam Company, showed that 7-day-old broilers were immersed in Eimeria eggs and Eimeria elegans eggs on days 11, 12, and 13, respectively. A day of infusion of Clostridium perfringens forms artificially induced necrotic enteritis. The daily weight gain of the infected group supplemented with β-mannanase was increased by 14.2%, the feed-to-meat ratio (FCR) was decreased by 3.14%, and intestinal damage caused by necrotic enteritis was significantly reduced.
It can be seen that when broiler chickens are infected with necrotic enteritis, the addition of β-mannanase alleviates the intestinal immune stress, which can improve intestinal health and, to a certain extent, achieve the effect of replacing antibiotics. At the same time, the different mechanisms of action of β-mannanase are illustrated.
The β-mannanase avoids unnecessary immune reactions including inflammatory reactions, which makes the intestinal tissues more robust, thereby saving energy for immune stress and improving animal performance. The use of beta-mannanase in diets is more pronounced when the gut is unhealthy than when the gut is healthy. It should be emphasized that β-mannanase prevents the feed-induced immune response, but only reduces the effects of mannan on the intestinal tract and production performance of the pathogen or other adverse production conditions, rather than a therapeutic drug.
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